Chapter 1-5 Flashcards

5822052108	forensic science	the application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies	0
5822053295	criminalistics	more descriptive than forensic science; describes the services of a crime laboratory	1
5822058330	Locard's principle of exchange	when two objects come into contact, theres a transfer of material	2
5822059510	scientific method	a process that uses guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information	3
5822062399	1. formulate a question 2. formulate a hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. accept experimental findings 5. suitable evidence when validated	steps of scientific method	4
5822062957	anthropometry	system of personal identification; distinguishes one body from another based on a series of bodily measurements	5
5822064362	Anthropology & Morphology	study of structure of living organisms	6
5822073590	1. advise criminal suspects of constitutional rights 2. increase in U.S. crime rates 3. all illicit-drugs must be sent to a forensic lab 4. DNA profiling developed	Major reasons for increasing crime labs	7
5822076691	1. FBI 2. Drug Enforcement Administration 3. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 4. U.S. Postal Inspection Services	4 Major Crime Labs	8
5822076692	1. physical science 2. biology unit 3. firearms 4. document examination 5. photography	5 Basic Crime Lab Services	9
5822097281	1. confessions 2. eyewitness accounts 3. evaluation of physical evidence retrieved	3 avenues for assistance of crime scene	10
5822103854	command center	a secure site outside the crime scene where equipment is stored, tasks are assigned, and meet to discuss aspects of the case	11
5822105651	walk-through	initial survey by the lead investigator	12
5822107532	primary scene	where the crime originally occurred	13
5822109085	secondary scene	becomes apart of the crime scene after the initial incident	14
5822112978	- notes - sketches - photography	crime scene recording	15
5822115573	expert witness	individual who poses knowledge or skill to aid in trial	16
5822118576	-line/strip -grid -spiral -wheel/ray -quadrant/zone	types of search patterns	17
5822120750	computer-aided drafting	creates a scaled drawing using specially designed computer software	18
5822121906	digital photography	captures light and save images	19
5822122487	lossless compression	condenses file size without discarding digital data	20
5822123246	aperture	diaphragm of the opening allowing light	21
5822124001	f-stop	controls aperture to determine the amount of light through the lens to the film	22
5822124002	shutter speed	length of time the microchip is exposed to light	23
5822125553	depth of field	amount of area in the foreground and background of an in focus object	24
5822126818	color temperature	measure difference in hue between light source and hypothetical source of perfect white light	25
5822128912	photography log	a form the investigator records details of each photograph taken	26
5822130032	rough sketch	first sketch created with care for accuracy but no concern for aesthetic appearance	27
5822130033	finished sketch	perfected final sketch with scale drawings	28
5822136612	lossy compression	condenses files by discarding some image information	29
5822136980	- normal lens - wide angle - macro - multipurpose - telephoto	types of lens	30
5822137878	1. overview 2. medium-range 3. close-up	3 types of photographs	31
5822142689	- rectangular - triangular - baseline - polar coordinate	methods of measurement	32
5822146845	- title block - legend - compass - body	what's included in a crime sketch	33
5822148212	physical evidence	an object that can be established has or has not been committed or link a crime to its victim or perpetrator	34
5822149764	contamination	transfer of matter between the controller and the evidence	35
5822149765	standard/reference	physical evidence whose origin is known	36
5822150210	buccal swab	swab of inner cheek cells used for determining DNA profile	37
5822150211	substrate controls	materials close to areas where physical evidence has been deposited	38
5822151305	chain of custody	a list of all people who came into possession of evidence	39
5822155817	evidence-submission form	form of all evidence submitted to the crime lab	40
5822156288	Universal Precaution Rule	when responding to a blood or tissue scene, treat as infected substance	41
5822157217	PPE	personal protective equipment; masks, gloves, eye protection	42
5822161131	- cold zone - warm zone - hot zone	work zones	43
5822162830	- indigestion - injection - absorption - inhalation	type of exposures	44
5822163368	identification	determining a substance's physical or chemical identity	45
5822163369	comparison	ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin	46
5822163721	individual characteristics	evidence associated with a common source with high probability	47
5822163722	class characteristics	properties of evidence that can be associated with a group and not a single source	48
5822163723	product rate	a formula for determining how frequently a certain combination of characteristics occurs in a population	49
5822164140	rapid DNA	process for rapidly obtaining a DNA profile from a buccal swab	50
5822164141	comparative analysis	subjects a suspect and a standard/reference specimen	51
5822171061	-identification -comparison	methods used for examining physical evidence	52
5822175799	forensic polynology	analyst who collects and examines pollen and spores and connect to crime scenes	53
5822176830	microscopy	the principal tool used in the field of forensic polynology	54