Chapter 25 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

5925557858	Tainos	Indigenous people met by Spanish mariners; forced into slavery in gold mines; rebellions outgunned by Spanish military tech; smallpox also contributed to disappearance of society	0
5925557859	Hispaniola	Haiti-Dominican Republic; used by Columbus as base for trading with Tainos	1
5925557860	Encomienda	Forced labor	2
5925557861	Caribbean; sugarcane; slaves	Limited production of gold caused Spanish interest in exploiting the _____ for _____ production, which required massive importation of _____.	3
5925557862	Hernan Cortes	Brought down Aztec empire in Mexico; smallpox later destroyed besieged Tenochtitlan	4
5925557863	Francisco Pizarro	Brought down Inca empire in Peru; called conference of warring Inca rulers and massacred them	5
5925557864	New Spain	Mexico	6
5925557865	New Castile	Peru	7
5925557866	Viceroys	Governors; Spanish colonial administration	8
5925557867	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Divides entire (non-Christian, so far) world between Spain and Portugal; Portugal claims Brazil for sugarcane production	9
5925557868	Nova Scotia, Quebec	Permanent French colonies in North America (2)	10
5925557869	Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay	Permanent English colonies in North America (2)	11
5925557870	New Amsterdam	Permanent Dutch (Netherlands) colony in North America (renamed New York by the English) (1)	12
5925557871	English, French; Spanish, Portugese	_____ and _____ colonies had greater levels of self-government than _____ and _____ colonies.	13
5925557872	Mestizo	"Mixed" societies in Spanish territory; people of Spanish and native parentage	14
5925557873	Mulattoes	Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves	15
5925557874	Zambos	Descendants of African slaves and natives	16
5925557875	Peninsulares	European migrants from Iberia; at top of colonial Spanish social hierarchy	17
5925557876	Criollos	Children of migrants from Iberia; second class in hierarchy	18
5925557877	Metis	Children of fur traders and North American native women	19
5925557878	Gold; silver	_____ was not extensive in Spanish holdings, but _____ was relatively plentiful.	20
5925557879	Mita	Incan system of conscripted labor in mines; employment of natives by the Spanish; dangerous working conditions	21
5925557880	Quinto	Profit for Spaniards in colonies (1/5 reserved for crown)	22
5925557881	Manila Galleons; silver	_____ _____ took _____ to the Pacific Rim for trading.	23
5925557882	Hacienda	Large estates producing products of European origin	24
5925557883	Debt patronage	Encomienda was later replaced with _____ _____	25
5925557884	Egenho	Refers to the sugar mill and the complex of labor, land, etc. that came with the industry; low profit margins	26
5925557885	African slaves	Unlike the Spanish system of forced native labor, the Portugese relied on imported _____ _____.	27
5925557886	Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit	Missionary activity in the Americas included _____, _____, and _____ missionaries.	28
5925557887	Virgin of Guadalupe	Major Christian symbol of Mexico; represents mestizo woman/cultural syncreticism	29
5925557888	French, English; Spanish	_____ and _____ missions were less effective than _____ missions.	30
5925557889	Australia	Dutch VOC surveyed territory of _____ and concluded that it was of little value.	31
5925557890	Atahualpa	Incan ruler spared by Pizarro UNTIL he delivered gold.	32
5925557891	Encomendero	Spanish settlers who compelled Tainos to work and encouraged conversion to Christianity	33
5925557892	Audencias	Review of courts staffed by educated lawyers; kings of Spain subjected their viceroys to these.	34
5925557893	Motecuzoma II	Aztec emperor seized by Cortes	35
5925557894	Pero Alvares Cabral	Portugese mariner; stopped in Brazil while going through Atlantic to India	36
5925557895	Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca	Spanish nobleman and adventurer who went into interior regions of American continents	37
5925557896	James Cook	British colonist; only after his chartering of the eastern coast did Europeans become seriously interested in Australia	38
5925557897	Ferdinand Magellan	Him and his crew became first Europeans to cross the Pacific; before reaching the Philippines, encountered Marianas island group (Guam)	39