psychology applied to teaching test 2 Flashcards

5005501068	learning theory	learning is a change brought upon by experience	0
5005506978	behavioral learning theory	focuses on the objectively, observable, external aspects of learning	1
5005508977	classical	pavlov, involuntary response to a stimulus, learning through environmental association,	2
5005508978	operant	skinner, voluntary response to a stimulus, learning through positive and negative environmental reinforcement, where we spend most of our time, homework	3
5005511365	generalization	responding in similar ways to similar stimuli	4
5005513581	discrimination	responding in different ways to similar stimuli	5
5005513582	extinction	weaken a target behavior by ignoring it (mother ignoring whining child)	6
5005518978	premack principle	'Grandma's Rule"- finish your peas and then you can have dessert! the opportunity to participate in a favorite activity after completing a less desirable one	7
5005518979	shaping	complex behaviors are shaped by reinforcing closer approximations to terminate behavior	8
5005522908	ABC's of Operant Conditioning	antecedents (cue behavior), behavior, consequents (punishers of reinforcers)	9
5005522910	Time Out	weaken a target behavior by temporarily removing a positive reinforcer after the behavior occurs	10
5005526083	positive reinforcement	strengthen a target behavior by presenting a positive reinforcer after the behaviors occur (praise, recognition)	11
5005536571	negative reinforcement	strengthen a target behavior by removing on aversive stimulus after the behavior occurs (removes unwanted stimulus)	12
5005538651	social-cognitive theory		13
5005542038	two types of social-cognitive theory	vicarious, imitative	14
5005544080	vicarious	we see others rewarded or punished for various actions and we change our behavior as if we had received the consequences	15
5005544081	imitative	we imitate the behavior of a model even though the model receives no reinforcement while we are observing	16
5005547182	4 step process of social learning	attention, retention, production, reinforcement	17
5005550977	attention	modeled events and observed characteristics	18
5005553908	retention	remember it	19
5005553909	production	practice it	20
5005553910	reinforcement	motivation	21
5005556016	self-control	ability to control one's actions in the absence of external reinforcement or punishment	22
5005556017	self-regulation	involves the consistent and appropriate application of self-control skills to new situations	23
5005558729	self-efficacy	the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations	24
5005563748	cognitive theories		25
5005565348	discovery learning	bruner, true learning is using what you already know to go beyond what you already think, learning is active process, refined in the 1960's	26
5005568635	social constructivist	vygotsky	27
5005571162	meaningful reception learning	Ausubel, people acquire knowledge primarily through reception rather than discovery, the most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows	28
5005580349	4 techniques of discovery learning	emphasizing contrasts, developing relationships/connections, encouraging participation, arousing emotions	29
5005611455	emphasize contrasts	determining something by what it is and what it is not	30
5005613266	developing relationships/connections	seeing the relationships between concepts	31
5005613267	encouraging participation	participating in actual experiences, role plays or simulations to understand more fully	32
5005616650	arousing emotions	involving students actively in debates and experiences that have an emotional relevance	33
5005620278	constructivist	vygotsky, complex mental processes begin as social activities, systematic, open-ended debates are instrumental in helping individuals create personal views	34
5005643542	zone of proximal development	difference between what a student can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance, optimal level for learning	35
5005653384	scaffolding	adult or other individual provides some form of guidance or structure that enables students to perform at their proximal zone of development	36
5005786846	bruner	all children have natural curiosity	37
5005856943	constuctivist are	hands on minds on	38
5005860648	contructivist is	meaningful learning is the active creation of knowledge structures from personal experience	39
5005874939	cognitive constructivism	about how the individual learner understands things, in terms of developmental stages and learning styles (burner)	40
5005918123	social constructivism	emphasizes how meanings and understandings grow out of social encounters (modeling/Bandura) (ZPD/Vygotsy)	41
5005946199	problem solving	an ongoing activity in which we take what we know to discover what we don't know	42
5005957430	cognitive learning	emphasizes how people perceive, understand and remember information by seeing relationships	43
5006237739	bandura		44