tradition & change in east asia Flashcards

5886360737	collapse of Yuan dynasty led to	restoration of native rule to China by Ming dynasty	0
5886364798	Forbidden City	a vast imperial enclave built in Beijing under Yongle where later Ming emperors lived and received news about the outside world from eunuch servants and admins	1
5886378066	Wanli	Ming emperor that refused to meet with gov officials - conducted business thru eunuch intermediaries -> corruption and inefficiency -> peasant revolts and Manchu invaders -> decline of Ming dynasty	2
5886391502	Qing dynasty	qing= "pure," est by Manchus after fall of Ming	3
5886402746	Nurhaci	ambitious chieftan that unified Manchu tribes into a centralized state, promulgated a code of laws and organized a powerful military (est. Qing dynasty)	4
5886414093	Kangxi	Confucian scholar, effective emperor, interested in literature, conquerer (Taiwan and others) -> expanded empires	5
5886419098	Qianlong	Kangxi's grandson, consolidated his grandfather's conquests in central Asia by maintaining military garrisons in E Turkestan (now Xinjiang) and encouraging merchants to settle there in hopes of stabilizing the region- his reign marked the height of the Qing dynasty	6
5886438844	"Son of Heaven"	the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth - name given to Ming & Qing emperors- lived a privileged life at the Forbidden City, did not really act as emperor, almost intouchable	7
5886450397	scholar-bureaucrats	officials appointed by the emperor, highly educated (scholar-gentry class), took the civil service exam which was strict and competitive but allowed for social mobility bc open to everyone	8
5886461830	Macau	Chinese port where only Portuguese merchants were allowed to operate	9
5886465139	Guangzhou	Chinese port where only British merchants were allowed to operate	10
5886481521	Jesuits	Christian missionaries that came to China, presence ended by Franciscans & Dominicans	11
5886483362	Mateo Ricci	Italian Jesuit, founder of the mission to China, goal was to convert China -> Christianity, beginning w Ming emperor Wanli. argued that the doctrines of Confucius and Jesus were similar	12
5886490666	self-ringing bells	brought by Matteo Ricci to China among other technological, mechanical, and scientific innovations- spring-driven mechanical clocks that kept tolerably accurate time, chimed the hours	13
5889718764	why did Christianity not become popular in China	it claimed that it was the "only true religion" - implied that Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism were inferior	14
5889736471	Tokugawa shoguns	sought to lay a foundation for long-term political and social stability, supported Neo-Confucian studies in an effort to promote traditional values	15
5889744162	shogun	"military governor," - ruled Japan 12th-16th century through retainers who received political rights and large estates in exchange for military services. supposed to be a temporary stand-in for the emperor, but actually did more than him	16
5889761019	sengoku	"the country at war" - used to describe the turmoil in 16th cent Japan as a result of the conflicting ambitions of shoguns and retainers	17
5889770030	bakufu	"tent government" - a military government est by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600, intended as only a temporary replacement for the emperor's rule	18
5889778917	daimyo	"great names" - powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings - independent and successful	19
5889785191	alternate attendance	a policy instituted by the shoguns that required daimyo to keep their families at Edo and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court	20
5889793289	purpose of alternate attendance	enabled shoguns to keep an eye on daimyo, discouraged them from investing in military	21
5889798226	trade in Japan	extremely restricted- almost entirely isolated in terms of foreign trade	22
5889802307	Port of Nagasaki	Portuguese merchants tried to trade there and were executed, but Chinese and Dutch merchants were allowed	23
5889808826	"thinning out the rice shoots"	infanticide - use of fertilizer in agriculture -> increase in yields of rice -> rapid pop increase -> need to reduce pop	24
5889824582	daimyo and samuri were pushed by Tokugawa authorities to	become bureaucrats and gov. functionaries -> lost their wealth & went into poverty	25
5889833320	Japanese cultural connections to China	Japanese wrote in Chinese, embraced Buddhism, and promoted Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi	26
5889843382	"native learning"	some Japanese scorned Neo-Confucianism and even Buddhism as alien cultural imports and emphasized instead the importance of folk tradition and the indigenous Shinto religion for Japanese identity - scholars were xenophobic	27
5889856576	ukiyo	"floating worlds" - centers of Tokugawa urban culture, entertainment & pleasure quarters where teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths offered escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior in Tok. society	28
5889879839	Ihara Saikaku	poet, created new genre of prose literature - "books of the floating world"	29
5889885105	kabuki theater	usually featured several acts consisting of lively and sometimes bawdy skits where stylized acting combined w lyric singing, dancing, and spectacular staging	30
5889906280	bunraku	puppet theater - chanters, accompanied by music, told a story acted out by puppets	31
5889913837	Francis Xavier	Jesuit, traveled to J in 1549 and opened a mission to seek converts	32
5889921580	popularity of Christianity in Japan	generated a backlash among gov. officials who wanted to preserve Japanese traditions. shoguns halted Christian missions & tortured and executed Euro missionaries that refused to leave and Japanese Christians that refused to abandon their faith	33
5889943638	Christavão Ferreia	Portuguese Jesuit, head of the mission in Japan, gave up his beliefs under torture and adopted Buddhism	34
5889954638	"dutch learning"	studies of Dutch by a small number of Japanese in order to communicate w the Dutch merchants at Nagasaki (port for info about Europe, etc) - brought knowledge of the outside world to Japan	35