Biochemistry Flashcards

Sapling BIology Ch 2 - Chemistry of Life

4817296283	matter	anything composed of atoms	0
4817296284	element	A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.	1
4817296285	compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	2
4817296286	molecule	2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	3
4817296287	solid	A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.	4
4817296288	liquid	A state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape.	5
4817296289	gas	A state of matter with no definite shape or volume	6
4817296290	organic compound	Compounds that contain carbon (except: CO & CO2)	7
4817296291	hydrocarbon	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	8
4817296292	polar molecule	Molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges	9
4817296293	hydrogen bond	Bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule	10
4817296294	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	11
4817296295	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances	12
4817296296	macromolecule	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules	13
4817296297	polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	14
4817296298	monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	15
4817296299	carbohydrates	Composed of CHO in 1:2:1 ratio. Main source of energy in your diet	16
4817296300	monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	17
4817296302	polysaccharide	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	18
4817296303	disaccharide examples	sucrose, maltose, lactose	19
4817296304	monosaccaride examples	glucose, fructose, galactose	20
4817296305	polysaccharide examples	starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin	21
4817296306	protein	Amino acids joined by peptide bonds which make up structures and carry out functions of an organism. CHONS	22
4817296307	amino acid	Building blocks (monomers) of protein	23
4817296308	dipeptide	A combination of two amino acids united by means of a peptide bond.	24
4817296309	polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	25
4817296310	primary structure of protein	The sequence of amino acids bonded with peptide bonds	26
4817296311	secondary stucture of protein	results from hydrogen bonds developing between atoms at different parts of the chain causing helix or pleated sheet	27
4817296312	tertiary structure of protein	How the chain folds into three dimensions - due to interactions between the R groups of distant amino acids - due to disulfide-bridges	28
4817296313	quarternary structure of protein	overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides	29
4817296314	nucleic acids	C, H, O, N, P - contain genetic information	30
4817296315	nucleotide	A monomer of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.	31
4817296316	nucleic acid polymers	DNA & RNA	32
4817296317	Lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of CHO	33
4817296318	triglyceride	A molecule made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; Does energy storage, thermal insulation, binds and cushions organs, fills space	34
4817296319	phospholipid	A lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	35
4817296320	fatty acid chain	Make up saturated fat, carbon surrounded by hydrogens	36
4817296321	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	37
4817296322	hydrophilic	"water-loving"; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water	38
4817296323	hydrophobic	"Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water.	39
4817296324	chemical reaction	A change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances	40
4817296325	reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction	41
4817296326	product	An ending material in a chemical reaction.	42
4817296327	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	43
4817296328	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	44
4817296329	catalyst	a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected	45
4817296330	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing (a biological catalyst)	46
4817296331	activation energy	Energy needed to get a reaction started	47
4817296332	substrate	A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.	48
4817296333	active site	The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate	49