AP Human Geography - Language Flashcards

3062713063	Accent	a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class	0
3062722373	Anatolian Hypothesis	Proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia. The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo-European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution of the seventh and sixth millennia BC. An alternative (and academically more favored view) is the Kurgan hypothesis	1
3062763354	Kurgan Hypothesis	most widely accepted proposal of several solutions to explain the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages.[note 1] It postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (курган), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound.	2
3065005127	Nostratic Hypothesis	hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families	3
3064981010	Creole	a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue of a region and/or people	4
3064987303	Dialect	local or regional characteristics of a language. More than just a different accent, dialects have distinctive grammar and vocabulary	5
3064989291	Extinct Language	A language that is going extinct	6
3064992607	Ideogram	pictures that symbolize ideas	7
3064996036	Indo-European	a large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population: English, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek, Russian, Albanian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, and Hittite	8
3065042215	Isogloss	geographical boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	9
3065044277	Isolated Language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	10
3065047862	Language	a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols	11
3065047863	Language Branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes	12
3065049019	Language Family	group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...)	13
3065050185	Language Group	set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...)	14
3065057406	Lingua Franca	a common language used by speakers of different languages	15
3065061986	Literary Tradition	Language that is written down	16
3065067186	Mono-lingual	Only one language is spoken	17
3065067187	Bi-lingual	2 languages are spoken	18
3065069138	Multi-lingual	3+ languages are spoken	19
3065072504	National Language	-language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. -national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country.	20
3065078057	Official Language	a governmentally designated language of instruction and other official public and private communication	21
3065082079	Orthography	the conventional spelling system of a language	22
3065089796	Pidgin	when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary	23
3065091177	Polyglot	a person who speaks more than one language	24
3065093597	Slang	a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people	25
3065102619	Standard Language	a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue	26
3065105195	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	27
3065108686	Toponym	the study of place names. (e.g., San Diego or San Francisco indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations)	28
3065118234	Trade Language	common languages used by merchants who did not speak a common tongue	29
3065121338	Vernacular	Everyday language of a specific nation	30
3065128423	Vocabulary	the body of words used in a particular language	31
3065139360	Explain how Language Families, Branches, and Groups are classified and related	Language Families-group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...) Language Branches-A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes Language groups-set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...) Similarities- LANGUAGE, origin	32
3065152298	Map the Distribution of Major Families Worldwide		33
3065163177	Show the following language groups and give specific examples from each Germanic Slavic Romance	Germanic- Slavic- uh............ yea Romance-	34
3065174882	Describe the following characteristics of English: Origin and Historical Developement Worldwide Diffusion Spatial Variation Cultural and Economic Roles		35
3065185408	Explain the significance of an official languages, national languages, lingua francas		36
3065187769	Describe how languages become extinct and efforts use to preserve them	How they become extinct: - Language Shift (group of people begin to speak another language) - Globalization How to Preserve: - Isolation - Education/Literary Tradition - Cultural/Language Preservation Groups/Societies	37