BIOL CH. 24 (EXAM 2) Early Life and Diversification of Eukaryotes Flashcards

3087039438	What is the first hypothetical step in the origin of simple cells?	abiotic (physical) synthesis of small organic molecules	0
3087042688	What is the2nd hypothetical step in the origin of simple cells?	joining of small molecules into macro molecules	1
3087043448	What is the 3rd hypothetical step in the origin of simple cells?	packaging of molecules into protocells (self-organized collection of lipids)	2
3087045556	What is the 4th hypothetical step in the origin of simple cells?	origin of self replicating molecules	3
3087047718	How many year ago was the Earth formed?	4.6 billion years ago	4
3087050326	The oldest fossil organisms are prokaryotes that date back to _______	3.5 billion years ago	5
3087051077	What are prokaryotes?	single celled organisms in the domain bacteria and archea	6
3087054269	What are the most abundant organisms on Earth?	prokaryotes, who thrive almost everywhere	7
3087057578	What did the Miller and Urey Experiment show?	shows that abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible	8
3087094844	The first compounds may have been synthesized near ____ or ______	volcanoes or deep sea vents	9
3087097604	RNA monomers have been produced spontaneously from _____ _____	simple molecules	10
3087099522	The first genetic material was probably ____ and not ____	RNA, DNA	11
3087101042	What has been found to catalyze many different reactions?	ribozymes, an RNA molecule that functions as en enzyme	12
3087109441	What do protocell vesicles exhibit?	simple reproduction/metabolism and maintain an internal chemical environment	13
3087118296	How large is a prokaryote?	diameter = .5-5micrometers	14
3087125975	morphology of most prokaryotes	unicellular	15
3087130579	What is in the cell wall of prokaryotes?	peptidoglycan	16
3087131844	What is peptidoglycan?	a network of modified sugars cross-linked by polypeptides	17
3087134754	gram positive	simpler with a large amount of peptidoglycan therefore a darker stain	18
3087138253	gram negative	less peptidoglycan therefore a lighter stain	19
3087142911	What do many antibiotics target?	they target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls	20
3087152126	Which type of bacteria are more likely to be antibiotic resistant?	gram negative	21
3087152991	Define Capsule:	polysaccharides or protein layer that covers prokaryotes	22
3087157169	Define Endospores:	resistant bacterial cells	23
3087163196	Define Fimbriae:	allows cells to stick to substrate of other individuals	24
3087167329	What allows prokaryotes to exchange DNA?	pili (sex) pili	25
3087173201	Define Chemotaxis:	movement from a chemical stimulus	26
3087182733	T or F prokaryotes have complex compartmentalization and membrane bound organelles	F	27
3087184559	Some prokaryotes have infoldings of plasma membranes that function to do what?	perform metabolic functions	28
3087186789	Who has more DNA, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?	eukaryotes	29
3087189031	Where are chromosomes of prokaryotes located?	nucleoid region	30
3087189819	What are plasmids?	smaller rings of DNA	31
3087195228	Define: phototrophs chemotrophs autotrophs hetertrophs	energy from: sunlight, chemicals, CO2, require organic nutrients to make organic compounds	32
3087198862	What do obligate aerobes require?	O2 for cellular respiration	33
3087200930	What are obligate anaerobes poisoned by?	oxyen, anaerobic respiration (fermentation)	34
3087203873	Facultative anaerobic can survive without ____	oxygen	35
3087206569	What is nitrogen essential for?	the production of amino and nucleic acids	36
3087208148	What is nitrogen fixation?	the conversion of N2 to NH3	37
3087210208	Define Heterocysts:	photosynthetic/nitrogen fixing cells that exchange metabolic products	38
3087217437	Define Biofilm:	surface coating colony of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation	39
3087220678	Define Transformation:	cells can incorporate foreign DNA	40
3087222615	Define Transduction:	movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages	41
3087224243	Define Conjugation:	process where genetic material is transferred between prokartoyes via a sex pilus	42
3087229328	Where do Chlamydias survive in?	animal host cells	43
3087232384	spirochetes	helical	44
3087236931	cyanobacteria	bacteria with plant like photosynthesis	45
3087270319	Where do extreme halophiles live?	high salinity	46
3087272794	Where do extreme thermophiles live?	in hot waters	47
3087273543	Define Methanogens	they have methane as a waste product, anaerobic and live in swamps, guts of cattle and deep sea hydrothermal vents	48
3087278311	Decomposers have what nutritional mode?	chemoheterotrophic	49
3087283829	Define Symbiosis:	ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact	50
3087286672	Define Mutualism:	both symbiotic organism benefit	51
3087292618	Define Commensalism:	when one organism benefits and the other doesn't	52
3087296646	parasitism	parasite harms but doesn't kill the host	53
3087300267	cocci	round	54
3087300758	bacilli	rod shaped	55