Ch. 26 Colonization of Land by Plant an Fungi Flashcards

3093256917	haustoria	specialized hyphae that allows extraction/exchange of nutrients with plant hosts	0
3093273829	mycorrhizae	mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant hosts	1
3093279948	ectomycorrihizal fungi	form sheaths of hyphae over a root and grow into extracellular spaces of the root cortex	2
3093286898	arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi	extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells into tubes	3
3093291373	fungal reproduction	hyphae (n) release sexual pheromones hyphae fuse together (plasmogamy)	4
3093315850	What is Karyogamy?	is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells	5
3093326366	Spore germinate to form ____	mycelium (the string like mold stuff)	6
3093819438	Name the major fungal groups	ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, chytrids,zygomycetes, glomeromycetes	7
3093855199	ascomycetes	-marine -sac fungi-produce spores in sacs called asci-65,000	8
3093858646	What do ascomycetes produce spores in?	sacs called asci	9
3093869349	basidiomycetes	30,000-decomposers & ectomycorrhizial fungi-produce spores on basidia	10
3093879791	What do basidiomycetes produces spores on?	basidia	11
3093882923	What is an example of basidiomycetes?	mushrooms	12
3093885971	chytrids	1000-freshwater/terrestrial-flagellated spores	13
3093889821	What kind of spores do chytrids produce?	flagellated spores	14
3093891141	zygomycetes	1000-molds, parasites, commensal symbionts	15
3093896236	What what kind of spores do zygomycetes produce?	zygosporangium	16
3093901248	glomeromycetes	160- form arbuscular (shrub-like) mychorrhizae with roots -80% of plants have a mutualistic relationship with glomeromycetes	17
3093919711	What is a lichen?	a lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus	18
3093925774	Explain how a lichen allows plants to grow	pioneers on new rock and soil surfaces and breaks down the surface, allowing formation of soil, thus making it possible for plants to grow	19
3093967868	Nonvascular plants are called _____	bryophytes	20
3093968856	What are the three clades of bryophytes	1. liverworts 2. mosses 3. hornworts	21
3093970386	What anchors bryophytes?	rhizoids, filamentous outgrowths that allow for anchoring	22
3093979399	Bryophytes are water dependent, what does this mean?	flagellated sperm must swim through water to find an egg	23
3093984202	Are bryophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?	gametophyte	24
3093986763	Seedless vascular plants are made up of what two clades?	lycophyetes (club mosses) and pteridophytes (ferns)	25
3093997286	Seedless vascular plants are sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?	sporophyte	26
3093999997	Describe the gametophytes of ferns	they are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface	27
3094021365	T or F, seedless vascular plants are water dependent	T	28
3094023523	What are the two types of tissue in vascular plant transport?	1. xylem 2. phloem	29
3094030198	xylem	conducts water and minerals	30
3094032806	What is lignin?	a polymer that work with xylem to strengthen water conducting cells and provide support	31
3094037297	What is the function of phloem?	distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products	32
3094039498	How is phloem arranged?	In tubes	33
3094041570	How do leaves aid in photosynthesis?	by increasing surface area	34
3094045579	What does a seed consist of?	embryo and food supply	35
3094046886	What are the two clades that seed plants are made up of?	gymnosperms (naked seeds) ex. pine cones and angiosperms, contains seeds that develop in ovaries (ovaries become fruit)	36
3094052814	Gametophytes of seed plants are ______	microscopic	37
3094058065	In endosporic development where do gametophytes develop?	gametophytes develop within the walls of spores	38
3094061383	In endosporic development where are gametophytes retained?	within the tissues of parent sporophyte	39
3094064486	What does a sporophyte do for a gametophyte?	it protects and provides nutrients	40
3094142857	What is integument?	protective layer of sporophyte tissue	41
3094144592	What does an ovule consist of?	egg producing female gametophyte surrounded by a protective layer of sporophyte tissue (integument)	42
3094146672	Females develop from ____	megaspores	43
3094148200	Males develop from_____ which develop into ______	small microspores, pollen	44
3094151429	What are the three evolutionary advantages of seeds?	1. may remain dormant until conditions are favorable 2. have a supply of stored food 3. can help disseminate (spread the embryo)	45
3094155318	T or F: Gymnosperms are better suited to dry conditions	T	46
3094156034	Why are gymnosperms better suited to dry conditions?	1. seeds/pollen 2. thicker cuticles 3. leaves with small surface area	47
3094158091	What is flora?	plant life occurring in a particular region	48
3094160049	What seed plants are an important part of the Earth's flora?	gymnosperms	49
3094162834	In biology, what is a flower?	a structure specialized for sexual reproduction	50
3094168394	What do stamens produce?	pollen	51
3094168899	What do carpels produce?	ovules in the ovary	52
3094183416	Fruit can function as	parachutes or propellers, burrs that cling onto animals or clothing and seeds in animal feces	53
3094344969	Around how many years ago did small plants, fungi and animals emerge on land?	5 million	54
3094346002	Name the first two derived traits of plants	1. alteration of generations life cycle 2. multicellular dependent embryos	55
3094347920	Name the 2nd two derived traits of plants	3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. apical meristems	56
3105614689	Where are multicellular dependent embryos retained?	in the female gametophyte	57
3105618775	What is the function of placental transfer cells?	to transfer nutrients from parent to embryo	58
3105625629	Land plants are called _____ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent	embryophytes	59
3105629397	Where are walled spores produced?	in sporangia	60
3105632241	sporangia	multicellular organs that produce spores	61
3105634444	apical meristems	regions of cell division that can divide throughout a cells life	62
3105638863	cuticle	waxy covering of the epidermis	63
3105644082	What is the function of the cuticle?	to prevent water loss and microbial attack	64
3105646733	stromata	pores that allow exchange of carbon and oxygen between outside air and the plant	65
3105659827	What form of nutrition does fungi use?	heterotrophic	66
3105664134	What does the cell wall of fungi contain?	chitin, a strong and flexible polysaccharide	67
3105672011	What are the most common body structures of fungi	multicellular filaments	68
3105675005	What are mycelia	networks of branched hyphae, filaments adapted for absorption	69