Chapter 27: The Rise of Animal Diversity Flashcards

5212402068	Two early-diverging groups of animals	Sponges and cnidarians	0
5212410939	Animals in the phylum _________ are known informally as ________.	Porifera, sponges	1
5212413154	Filter feeders	Capturing food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body; Characteristic of sponges.	2
5212430530	Tissues	Groups of cells that function as a unit; what sponges lack	3
5212434936	Choanocytes	Flagellated collar cells	4
5212437504	Amoebocytes	Mobile collar cells that play roles in digestion and structure.	5
5212449230	Diversification of cnidarians	Wide range of both sessile and motile forms including hydrozoans, jellies, and sea anemones	6
5212460437	Polyp	Sessile form	7
5212462314	Medusa	Motile form	8
5212466472	Gastrovascular cavity	Sac with a central digestive compartment; basic body plan of a cnidarian	9
5212476161	Diet of cnidarians	Carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey	10
5212480669	Do cnidarians have a brain?	No, but instead have a noncentralized nerve net associated with sensory structures distributed throughout the body	11
5212485890	Cambrian explosion	Earliest fossil appearance of many major group of living animals	12
5212509457	Bilaterians	A clade whose members have a complete digestive tract and a bilaterally symmetric form; makes up most fossils of the Cambrian period	13
5212523832	Body plan	A set of morphological and developmental traits	14
5212538623	Three important aspects of animal body plans	Symmetry, tissues, and body cavities	15
5212542592	Radial symmetry	No front and back or left and right; often drifting or weakly swimming	16
5212551798	Bilateral symmery	Two-sided symmetry	17
5212561558	Characteristics of bilaterally symmetrical animals	Dorsal and ventral side, left and right side, anterior and posterior ends, and sensory equipment concentrated in the anterior end	18
5212583353	Ectoderm	Germ layer covering the embryo's surface	19
5212585297	Endoderm	Innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron	20
5212589296	Mesoderm	A third germ layer that fills the space between the ectoderm and the ectoderm in all bilaterally symmetric animals.	21
5212598346	Body cavity	Fluid or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the outer body wall; Common in most bilaterians.	22
5212610804	What does the body cavity do?	Cushion suspended organs, act as a hydrostatic skeleton, and enable internal organs to move independently of the body wall	23
5212628070	Phylogenies now combine molecular data with morphological data reflecting:	1. All animals share a common ancestor 2. Sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals (eumetazoans) with true tissues 4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria 5. Most animals are invertebrates with chordata phylum being the exception	24
5212654976	Clades of bilaterians	Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia	25
5212663401	Arthropods	Most numerous species; insects are the most diverse	26
5212670488	Exoskeleton	Arthropod body plan that's made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin	27
5212676722	Function of exoskeleton	Provides structural support and protection from physical harm and desiccation	28
5212686154	Chordates	bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia	29
5212692254	Four key derived characters of chordates	Notochord, dorsal and hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, and a muscular, post-anal tail	30
5212708584	Notochord	A flexible rod providing support	31
5212710832	Pharyngeal slits	Function in filter feeding, as gills, or as parts of the head	32
5212747004	Lancelets	Basal group of extant, blade-shaped animals that closely resemble the idealized chordate	33
5212753499	Earliest vertebrates	Soft-bodied, jawless animals that hunted prey using a set of barbed hooks in their mouth	34
5212760952	Only two extant lineages of jawless fish	Hagfishes and lampreys	35
5212763665	Gnathostomes	Jawed vertebrates; outnumber jawless vertebrates today	36
5212771850	Gnathostomes lineages	Chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins	37
5212778661	Humans and other terrestrial animals	are derived from lobe-fins	38
5212780634	Chondichthyans	sharks, rays, and their relatives; skeletons are composed primarily of cartilage	39
5212789335	Ray-finned fishes	Include nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans	40
5212795438	Osteichthyans	have a bony endoskeleton	41
5212797386	Lobe-fins	Other major lineage of osteichthyans	42
5212803231	Key derived trait in the lobe-fins	is the presence of rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins	43
5212813393	Three lineages of lobe-fins that survive	Coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods	44
5212816387	Tetrapods	Terrestrial vertebrates with limbs and digits	45
5212834392	Amphibians	Include salsmanders, frogs, and caecilians; Restricted to moist areas within their terrestrial habits	46
5212839829	Amniotes	a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals	47
5212849369	Amniotic egg	Contains membranes that protect the embryo; led to less dependence on an aquatic environment	48
5212853065	Reptiles	One of two living lineages of amniotes	49
5212859750	Reptile clade members	Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds	50
5212866703	Characteristics of reptiles	Have scales that create a waterproof barrier, lay shelled eggs on land, mostly ectothermic; birds are endothermic	51
5212876585	Ectothermic	Absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat	52
5212879402	Endothermic	Capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism	53
5212885766	Where do mammals fit in phylogeny?	Other extant lineage of amniotes	54
5212889859	Distinctive traits of mammals	Mammary glands that produce milk, hair, differentiated teeth	55
5212901264	Three living lineages of mammals	monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians	56
5212923590	Human classification	Primates, nestled within ape group	57
5212924955	Characteristics of humans	Upriht posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, and the use of complex tools.	58