AP Language and Composition Flashcards

2425755899	Ad hominem	this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	0
2425760946	Ad populum (bandwagon appeal)	this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
2425767835	Alliteration	repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence	2
2425769989	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place or to a work of art	3
2425773267	Analogy	comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. often uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex	4
2425778105	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines	5
2425780577	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim	6
2425781519	Annotation	the taking of notes directly on a text	7
2425782170	Antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse order	8
2425784936	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	9
2425787256	Appeal to false authority	this fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority	10
2425791023	Archaic diction	Old-fashion or outdated choice of words	11
2425797553	Argument	a process of reasoned inquiry. a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion	12
2425810619	Rhetorical (Aristotelian) triangle	a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text	13
2425792254	Assertion	a statement that presents a claim or thesis	14
2425863141	Warrant	in the Toulmin model, this expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience	15
2425869438	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words	16
2425870270	Audience	The listener, viewer or reader of a text.	17
2425875537	Backing	in the Toulmin model, this consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority	18
2425887463	Begging the question	this fallacy's claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	19
2425896230	Circular Reasoning	this fallacy's argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	20
2425900635	Claim	the assertion or proposition, it states the arguments main idea or purpose.	21
2425914525	Claim of fact	this type of claim asserts that something is true or not true	22
2425922124	Claim of policy	this type of claim proposes a change	23
2425924304	Claim of value	this type of claim argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	24
2425926320	Classical oration	five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	25
2425929360	Closed thesis (signpost)	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	26
2425933475	Complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	27
2425934261	Compound sentence	a sentence that includes at least two independent causes	28
2425937105	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable	29
2425939533	Confirmation	in classical oration, this major part of an argument comes between the narration and refutation; it provides the development of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker	30
2425940004	Connotation	meanings that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition	31
2436156280	Context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes and events surrounding a text	32
2436158980	Counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	33
2436160447	Cumulative Sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	34
2436163431	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and apply it t specific cases	35
2436166833	Diction	a speakers choice of words	36
2436169795	False Dilemma (either/or)	in this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	37
2436171684	Enthymeme	essentially a syllogism with one of the premises implied and taken for granted as understood	38
2436175795	Equivocation	a fallacy that uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive	39
2436182510	Ethos	this demonstrates that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic	40
2436186861	Exordium	in classical oration, the introduction to an argument, in whcih the speaker announces the subject and purpose and appeals to ethos in order to establish credibility	41
2436191148	Faulty Analogy	a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable	42
2436193627	Figurative language	this kind of language often evokes strong imagery	43
2436199598	First-hand Evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows whether its from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events	44
2436204886	Hasty Generalization	a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	45
2436207018	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores or calls to action	46
2436208041	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point	47
2436210881	Imagery	a description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds	48
2436213230	Imperative Sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	49
2436214688	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion	50
2436217546	Inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence	51
2436223504	Irony	figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected	52
2436226321	Juxtaposition	placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities between or differences	53
2436230827	Logical Fallacies	there are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. they often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it	54
2436234573	Logos	this offers clear, rational ideas and using specific details examples, facts statistics or expert testimony to back them up	55
2436237446	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as	56
2436240493	Modifier	an adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose is usually to describe, focus or qualify	57
2436245007	Mood	the feelings or atmosphere created by a text	58
2436246871	Narration	in classical oration, the factual and background information, establishing why a subject or problem needs addressing; it precedes the confirmation, or laying out of evidence to support claims made in the argument	59
2436250978	Nominalization	the process of changing a verb into a noun	60
2436252816	Occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	61
2436254548	Open Thesis	an open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	62
2436256040	Oxymoron	a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	63
2436258626	Paradox	a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth	64