AP World History- Stearns Chapter 2 Flashcards

2111208618	Xian	Along with Loyang, capital of the Zhou dynasty	0
2111208619	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE	1
2111208620	Ideographic writing	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	2
2111208621	Scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China	3
2111208622	Shi	Probably originally priests; transformed into corps of professional bureaucrats because of knowledge of writing during Zhou dynasty	4
2111208623	Nuclear families	Consisted of husband and wife, their children, and perhaps a grandmother or orphaned cousin; typical of Chinese peasantry	5
2111208624	Oracles	Shamans or priest in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	6
2111208625	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for the next 400 years	7
2111208626	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend	8
2111208628	Laozi	AKA Lao Tsu; major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao	9
2111208629	Patrilineal	Family descent and inheritance traced through the male line	10
2111208630	Qin dynasty	Established in 221 BCE at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 BCE	11
2111208631	Feudalism	The social organization crated by exchanging grants of land of fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typically of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service	12
2111208632	Secret societies	Chinese peasant organizations; provided financial support in hard times and physical protection in case of disputes with local aristocracy	13
2111208633	Wu	First of the Zhou to be recognized as king, 1122 BCE	14
2111208634	Ordos bulge	Located on Huanghe River; region of fertile soil; site of Yangshao and Longshan cultures	15
2111208635	Loess	Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos region in China bent by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agriculture communities	16
2111208636	Sunzi	A 4th century BCE advisor to Chinese monarch, who wrote the treatise The Art of War	17
2111208637	Mandate of Heaven	The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang	18
2111208638	Wang Mang	Member of one of the powerful families related to the Han emperors through marriage; temporarily overthrew the Han between 9 and 23 CE	19
2111208639	Yu	A possible mythical Chinese ruler revered for the construction of an effective system of flood control along the Huanghe River valley; founder of the Xia kingdom	20
2111208640	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi	21
2111208641	Hsiung-nu	AKA the Huns; horse nomads responsible for the disruption of Chinese, Gupta, and Roman civilizations	22
2111208642	Daoism	Philosophy associated with Laozi; stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	23
2111208643	Mencius	AKA Meng Ko; follower of Confucius; stressed consent of the common people	24
2111208644	Extended families	Consisted of several generations, including the family patriarch's sons and grandsons with their wives and children; typical of Shang China elites	25
2111208645	Zhou	Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty	26
2111208646	Vassal retainers	Members of former ruling families granted control over the peasant and artisan populations of areas throughout Shang kingdom; indirectly exploited wealth of their territories	27
2111208647	Forbidden city	Imperial precinct within the capital cities of China; only imperial family, advisors, and household were permitted to enter	28
2111208648	Confucius	AKA Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	29
2111208649	Loyang	Along with Xian, capital of the Zhou dynasty	30
2111208650	Liu Bang	Founder of the Han dynasty in 202 BCE	31
2111208651	Xia	China's first, possibly mythical, kingdom; no archeological sites have been connected to it; ruled by Yu	32
2111208652	Tian	Heaven; an abstract conception in early Chinese religion; possibly the combined spirits of all male ancestors; first appeared during Zhou dynasty	33
2111208653	Yellow River	AKA the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	34