AP World History Flashcards

2819609280	Homo sapiens sapiens	Humanoid species that emerged most successful in end of Paleolithic period	0
2819609281	Paleolithic Age	Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E: typified by us of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	1
2819609282	Neolithic Age	New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period where adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of animals and plants accomplished	2
2819609283	Hunting and Gathering	Original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries	3
2819609284	Catal Hüyük	Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social satisfaction	4
2819609285	Bronze Age	From about 4,000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E, when iron began to replace it	5
2819609286	Nomads	Cattle-and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	6
2819609287	Neolithic revolution	The succession of the technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.	7
2819609288	Civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of no farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups	8
2819609289	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys	9
2819609290	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E; created first civilization within region; organized area into city states	10
2819609291	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	11
2819609292	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	12
2819609293	City-State	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
2819609294	Babylonians	Unified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 B.C.E; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E	14
2819609295	Hammurabi	(r. 1792-1750 B.C.E) The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	15
2819609296	Pharaoh	Title of Kings of ancient Egypt	16
2819609297	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of old kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	17
2819609298	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	18
2819609299	Indus River	River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization	19
2819609300	Harappa	Along with Mohenjodaro; major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	20
2819609301	Aryans	Indo-Europeans nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	21
2819609302	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	22
2819609303	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form	23
2819609304	Ramayana	One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Roma and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries	24
2819609305	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority	25
2819609306	Yellow River	Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	26
2819609307	Ideographs	Pictographic character grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	27
2819609308	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	28
2819609309	Olmecs	People of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c.1200 B.C.E; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and witting systems	29
2819609310	Chavin de Huantar	Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Hunatar; characterized by artistic motifs.	30
2819609311	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	31
2819609312	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization	32