AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards

5702581628	City of Constantine	Moved to Constantinople after 330CE City kept the name until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, who remained it Istanbul	0
5702581629	Caesaropapism	- As a Christian, Constantine couldn't claim divine status like other Roman rulers - Initiated policy where the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in church related affairs	1
5702581630	Justinian and Theodora	- Most important early Byzantine emperor was Justinian (reigned 527-565CE), who ruled with aid of wife, Theodora - Came from obscure origins - Like Constantine, lavished resources on imperial capital - Most notable construction project was church of Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), later would be turned into a mosque by Ottoman conquerors	2
5702581631	Justinian's Code	- Codification of Roman law - Ordered a systematic review of Roman law and issued the Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law) - Influenced civil law cods in most of Europe, Japan	3
5702581632	Byzantine Conquests	- Most ambitious venture was effort to reconquer western Roman empire from Germanic people and reestablish Roman authority - 533-565, Byzantine forces gained control over Italy, Sicily, much of northwestern Africa, and southern Spain - Did not possess resources to sustain long term occupation - Shortly have he died, forces abandoned Rome	4
5702581633	Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival	- While emperor devoted efforts to western Mediterranean, Sassanids threatened Byzantium from the east and the Slavic peoples approached from the north	5
5702581634	Muslim Conquests	- By mid 7th century, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa was under Muslim rule - Muslim forces later subjected Constantinople to two sieges - Resisted due to military technology - "Greek fire," launched at fleets and ground forces of invaders - Byzantine empire retained hold on Anatolia, Greece, and Balkan region	6
5702581635	The Theme System	- Placed an imperial province called a theme under authority of a general, who assumed responsibility for both military defence and civil administration - Received appointments from emperor, who closely monitored activities to prevent decentralisation of power and authority - Generals recruited armies from peasants, received land - Effective fighting force, enabled Byzantium to expand influence between 9-12th centuries - By mid 11th century, Byzantium dominated eastern Mediterranean region	7
5702581636	Rise of Franks	- 476CE, Germanic general Odoacer deposed last of western Roman emperors - Did not make himself emperor and did not appoint anyone - Most successful Germans - 8th century, aristocratic clan of the Carolingians extended Frankish power - Founder Charles Martel - 732 battle of Tours	8
5702581637	Charlemagne	- Reached high point under Martel's grandson Charlemagne - Built capital at Aachen - Didn't have a lot of money so relied on counts - Began to make centralised institutions	9
5702581638	Charlemagne as Emperor	- Only in year 800 did he claim title of emperor - During service at church, pop proclaimed him emperor - Before didn't want the title because did not want to directly challenge Byzantine emperors	10
5702581639	Age of the Vikings	Internal disunity and external invasions brought the Carolingian empire to an early end	11
5702581640	Louis the Pious	- Only surviving son, succeeded father and held empire together - Three son's disputed on the inheritance of the empire and waged wars against each other - In 843, divided empire into three portions - Thus less than a century after its creation, the Carolingian empire dissolved	12
5702581641	Invasions	= Muslims from the south, = Magyars (descendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary) from the east, and from the north came the vikings (most feared of all invaders) - Viking invasions were part of a much larger process of expansion by the Nordic peoples of Scandinavia	13
5702581642	Vikings	- Many norse seafarers were merchants or migrants - Some turned maritime skills more toward raiding and plundering than trading or raising crops - These were the vikings	14
5702581643	Devolution of Political Authority	- Because imperial authorities couldn't defend their territories, Carolingian empire became chief casualty of the invasions - Became society of competing regional states	15
5702581644	The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Peasantry	- Strongest when large class of free peasants flourished - After the theme system when soldiers got allotment of land, the large and prosperous class of free servants cultivated their lands intensively to improve the families fortune - This went into a gradual decline after the 11th century as wealthy cultivators started to accumulate large estate - During its time though, the free peasantry provided agricultural surpluses	16
5702581645	Manufacturing	- Agricultural surplus supported manufacturing in cities, especially Constantinople - Byzantine crafts workers had a reputation for their glassware, linen and woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine work in gold and silver	17
5702581646	Silk	- 6th century, started making high quality silk textiles - Soon made major contributions to Byzantine economy - So important that government regulated it very closely and only allowed individuals to participate in only one activity (weaving, dying, etc) to prevent the creation of a monopoly by a few wealthy people	18
5702581647	Byzantine Trade	- Economy benefited from trade - Drew wealth by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through its lands - Byzantium also served as the western anchor of the Eurasian trading network, revived silk roads of classical times - Silk and porcelain from China - Spices from India and southeast Asia - Carpets from Persian - Woolen textiles from western Europe - Timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves form Russia and Scandinavia	19
5702581648	Western Europe: Heavy Plow	- New kind of heavy plow that replaced the light plows - With this, they cleared new lands for cultivation - Constructed water mills and employed a special horse collar - Increased cultivation of beans, enriched diets western Christendom - Western Europeans made many small adaptations that created foundation for rural prosperity in 1000CE	20
5702581649	Byzantium: An Urban Society	- Alexandria, Antioch, and Damascus (great cities) - Constantinople still the heart of empire - Aristocrats maintained enormous palaces - Upper class women generally wore veils in cities - Dwellings of less privileged classes were not so splendid	21
5702581650	Attractions of Constantinople	- Even for the poor, Constantinople had its attractions - City of baths - Taverns and restaurants offered settings for social gatherings - Theatres= entertainment - Mass entertainment took place in the Hippodrome	22
5702581651	Western Europe: A Rural Society	Didn't have such a nice setting	23
5702581652	Population	- 5th-6th century, epidemic disease and political turmoil took toll on both Byzantium and western Europe - After 8th century both entered an era of demographic recovery - By 1000CE, both had built productive agricultural economies that sustained sizable and increasing populations	24
5702581653	Evolution of Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe	- Heirs of Roman empires, were Christian societies - Similar in some ways (check other document) - Differed in doctrines, rituals and church authority	25
5702581654	Popes and Patriarch	- Bishop/Pope of Rome - Patriarch of Constantinople	26
5702581655	Pope Gregory I	Also known as Gregory the Great, most responsible for charting independent course for Roman church - Penance importance	27
5702581656	The Patriarchs	- Patriarchs were powerful officials, but didn't enjoy independence like the west - Byzantine emperors treated church as a department of state - Appointed the patriarchs and instructed them to deliver sermons that supported imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities - Caused tensions	28
5702581657	Iconoclasm	- Emperor Leo III - Byzantine had long tradition of producing icons - Leo, became convinced that the veneration of images were sinful - In 726 made iconoclasm policy and destroyed religious images, prohibiting use in church - Spark protests and riots - Only 843 did Leo's followers abandon the policy of iconoclasm	29
5702581658	St. Basil and St. Benedict	- St. Basil in Byzantium (330-380 around about) - St. Benedict in Italy (480-550 around about) - Provided regulations that had mild asceticism combined with meditation and work on behalf of church - Poverty, chastity, and obedience became prime virtues for Basilian and Benedictine monks	30
5702581659	St. Scholastica	- Monasteries in Byzantium adopted Basilian rule while counterparts in western Europe largely followed St. Benedict - Through influence of St. Benedict's sister, an adaptation of Benedictine rule soon provided guidance for religious life of women in convents	31
5702581660	Monasticism and Society	= Christian monasteries provided social services that built close relations with local communities - Because of various roles played in larger society, monasteries were very effective agents in the spread of Christianity	32
5702581661	Missionaries	- Late 6th century, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England and targeted the Pagan Germanic kings - 8th England, in Roman church - Byzantine sent missionaries to Balkan and Slavic lands - Most famous missionaries to Slavs were Saints Cyril and Methodius - Devised alphabet called Cyrillic alphabet, for previously illiterate Slavic peoples - In Russia and most other parts of former Soviet Union, Cyrillic alphabet still survives - 989, Russians officially converted to Christianity - Spread of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia grew	33
5702581662	Two Churches	- The had the same basic Christian doctrine, churches experienced increasing friction after 6th century - Mirrored political strains, as Byzantium was angry that Charlemagne accepted title of emperor - Iconoclastic movement in 8th-9th century was one focus of difference (western theologians thought it was okay)	34
5702581663	Schism	- Patriarchs argued for autonomy of all major Christian jurisdictions, including Constantinople, while popes asserted primacy of Rome as sole seat of authority for all Christendom - In 1054 the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other - Schism between eastern and western churches still here today	35