AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

4825238638	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
4825238639	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
4825238641	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
4825238643	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
4825238644	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
4825238645	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
4825238646	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
4825238647	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	7
4825238648	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	8
4825238649	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	9
4825238650	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	10
4825238651	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).	11
4825238652	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	12
4825238654	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	13
4825238655	Asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	14
4825238656	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	15
4825238657	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	16
4825238658	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	17
4825238659	Bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	18
4825238661	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	19
4825238662	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	20
4825238663	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	21
4825238664	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	22
4825238665	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	23
4825238666	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	24
4825238667	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).	25
4825238669	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	26
4825238670	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	27
4825238672	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	28
4825238673	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	29
4825238674	Diction	Word choice.	30
4825238675	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	31
4825238676	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	32
4825238679	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	33
4825238680	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	34
4825238684	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	35
4825238685	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	36
4825238686	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general	37
4825238687	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	38
4825238688	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	39
4825238689	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	40
4825238690	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .	41
4825238691	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	42
4825238692	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	43
4825238697	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	44
4825238699	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	45
4825238700	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	46
4825238701	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	47
4825238702	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	48
4825238703	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	49
4825238704	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	50
4825238705	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	51
4825238707	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	52
4825238708	Premise	major, minor, Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. [Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).]	53
4825238709	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	54
4825238710	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	55
4825238711	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	56
4825238713	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	57
4825238714	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	58
4825238715	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	59
4825238716	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).	60
4825238717	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	61
4825238718	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	62
4825238719	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	63
4825238720	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	64
4825238721	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	65
4825238722	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	66
4825238723	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	67
4825238726	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	68
4825238727	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	69
4825238728	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	70
4825238731	Syntax	Sentence structure.	71
4825238732	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	72
4825238733	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	73
4825238734	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	74
4825238735	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	75
4825238736	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	76
4825238737	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	77
4826629973	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	78
4826632437	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	79
4826634622	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as "and", or "but."	80
4826636801	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	81
4826638815	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	82
4826640829	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	83
4826642755	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	84
4826644717	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	85
4826648039	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	86
4826650110	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	87
4826651856	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	88
4826653553	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	89
4826655226	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	90
4826657300	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	91
4826661056	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	92