AP Language Flashcards

5458803030	Expository	Explains or informs Ex: Textbook, news articles, research papers	0
5458808849	Descriptive	Writing that tries to describe the idea in order to help the reader visualize it Ex: Journal entry, poem	1
5458816529	Narrative	Writing that tells a story by recounting events Ex: Autobiography, Frederick Douglas	2
5458820504	Persuasive	Writing that tries to influence a readers thinking Ex: Advertising, letters of recommendation	3
5458864093	Classification	Writing that places a subject - person, place, event - into categories	4
5458872036	Exemplification	Giving an example	5
5458874646	Comparison/ Contrast	How a subject is alike or different Ex: Buying a car vs. public transportation	6
5458881852	Cause and Effect	Starts with a subject and then shows effects of it or causes of it	7
5458885438	Induction	Method of reasoning that moves from specific instances to a general conclusion Ex: Aristotle, doesn't necessarily prove something	8
5458892703	Deduction	Method of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific Ex: What is wealth, Bessy the cow	9
5458898033	Generality	Imprecise or vague statement or idea	10
5458901203	Analogy	Using a simpler idea or system to explain a more complex idea or system Ex: Gun control debates	11
5458906622	Sign	The notion that certain types of evidence are symptomatic of some wider principle	12
5458911998	Casual	An occurrence or event is the result of, or is affected by, Factor X	13
5458927603	Authority	Using various individuals of prominence to support an idea	14
5458932270	Principle	An abstract belief among people Ex: Refraining from killing others	15
5458938991	Syllogism	In logic, a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise; a minor premise, and a conclusion	16
5458951038	Major premise	All mammals are warm blooded	17
5458955347	Contextual	Background information that establishes the parameters of the argument Ex: Court cases	18
5458960367	Correlative	Shows a relationship between ideas, events, and occurences	19
5458966606	Motif	Repeated element in a work of art Ex: Oedipus, Fahrenheit 451	20
5458972449	Archetype	Symbol that transcends time and culture Ex: Tree, books/ movies	21
5458977242	Satire	Sarcasm, irony, wit used to ridicule or mock Two types: 1. Horatian: Tolerant, witty, wise and gracious Ex: Gullivers Travel 2. Juvenalian: Angry, caustic, resentful, personal Ex: A modest proposal Continued... Parody: Imitative use of the words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of an author, genre or style in such way as to make them ridiculous Understatement: Rhetorical form in which the force of a descriptive statement is less than what one would expect Witt: Intelligent humour Low Brow: Sexual jokes, bathroom humour Direct Satire: (First Person) Talks directly to the audience Indirect Satire: (Menippean) Most common form. Satiric effect is produced by modes of presentation and representation	22
5458998876	Chiasmus	Special form of parallelism that flips the original form around Ex: You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man (Syntactical structure)	23
5459036938	Apostraphe	When the author comes out of the form they're writing in Ex: "Is there any God?"	24
5459049927	Caricature	To make or give a comically or grotesquely exaggerated representation of someone or something Ex: Taco town	25
5459097085	Euphamism	Taking an unpleasant idea and making it sound better	26
5469118522	Anadiplosis	Takes the last word of a sentence or phrase and repeats it as the first word of the next sentence or phrase Ex: Fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering	27
5469132420	Asyndeton	Leaves out conjunctions in non standard ways	28
5469134065	Polysyndeton	Adding coordinators after every member in a list	29
5469145742	Antithesis	Contrast or opposition of two different things Opposite Ex: War is not fought to achieve joy, but rather to avoid pain	30
5469151614	Anaphora	The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a series of sentences or clause adding emphasis. Ex: Repeat the phrase for style. Repeat the phrase for emphasis. Repeat the phrase for clarity. But repeat the phrase	31
5469161796	Parallelism	Use some general structure for multiple parts of a sentence, or multiple sentences Ex: The manor - designed for beauty and grace, built for durability and strength, and located for privacy and safety - was the ideal home for those three children	32
5469171190	Zeugma	Structure in which two elements of a sentence are linked by a governing third element in a suggestive way Ex: His presence made it both the field of blood and blasphemy	33
5469188442	Irony	When an unexpected outcome takes place Verbal: "Nice Hair" (towards Mr. Thornburg) Structural: "modest proposal - romantic business letter Dramatic: Oedipus Situational: Fahrenheit 451 on most banned books Cosmic: The idea that fate and destiny is controlled by outside forces Romantic: Initially acting as if something particular is going to happen and then fabricating it	34
5469233332	Types of Writing	Objective: View something without bias Ex: News , media Subjective: View something with bias Ex: Blogs, Newspaper editorials, comments Epigraph Writing that's on the outside of the lines	35
5469274366	Argument	To discover a version of the truth using evidence and reason	36
5469275813	Persuasion	To change a point of view	37
5469281223	Types of Arguments	1. Definition 2. Causation 3. Ethics 4. Evaluation 5. Proposal	38
5469296224	Forensic Argument	- Try to establish what happened in the past - Rely on precedents: Actions from past that influence future - Rely on Cause and Effect analysis Ex: Did regulation lead to the 2008 recession?	39
5469317926	Deliberative Argument	- What do we do in the future - Past influences future meaning forensic arguments may be used - If X is true, Y may be true - If X happens, so may Y - If X continues, then Y may occur Ex: Should the US allow an increase in Middle Eastern migration?	40
5469331275	Argument of Definition	- Does known object belong in specific category Ex: Is a human fetus a human being?	41
5469336349	Argument of Causation	- What caused something to come into being - What caused current state of events Ex: Violent video games lead to violence in society	42
5469340529	Argument of Ethics	- Arguing how we should act - What is right or wrong decision in situation - Principles involved? - Dealing with absolute or situational ethics? Ex: Should we use force in Syria?	43
5469344737	Argument of Evaluation	- What is quality of something - Argument of definition: Is a corvette a sports car? - Argument of evaluation: Is a corvette a good sports car? - Qualifying it further: Is a corvette a good sports car for the price?	44
5469350144	Proposal Argument	- What action should be taken - Recognition of problem and then the argument that by following the actions you outline, the problem will be solved. - Arguable proposition	45
5469356807	Arguable Proposition	Someone should take some action Ex: The CCS should require students to wear uniforms during school hours	46
5469368443	Logos	Logic/Reason/Proof - Appeal to Logic and Reason: - Scientific facts/ theories - Analogies - Data and Statistics - Appeal to authority - Definitions - Examples	47
5469369981	Ethos	Credibility/Trust - An appeal to Ethics - Writer's background - Appropriate language - Where work is published - Sense of knowledge on both sides of subject	48
5469371494	Pathos	Emotions/Values - Appeal to emotion - Loaded language - Imagery - Testimonials and narratives - TONE - Appeal to group mentality	49
5469376280	Audience	- To whom are you addressing your argument - Attributes of audience: Cultural, social, economic, institutional, linguistic, education, geographic contexts	50
5469399440	Claim	Controversial and debatable statement	51
5469404616	Qualifiers	Limit your claim to a more reasonable level Ex: Few, some, many, often, perhaps, more or more less, for the most part	52
5469423587	Counterclaim	Taking the claim and showing an opposing view	53
5469440841	The Red herring	A fallacy that involves taking the audience's attention off of the issues at hand, and focusing it on an unrelated issue	54
5469455051	Appeal to Force Argumentum and baculum	Involves threatening someone to get him/her to agree with a stance	55
5469461352	Appeal to ignorance Argumentum ad ignorantium	Arguing that something is true because the opposite has not been yet proven	56
5469464568	Appeal to emotion	Used when the arguer takes advantage of emotion to prove his case (fear, flattery, pity, ridicule, and spite)	57
5469474121	Ad Populum	Involves the attempt to win an argument by appealing to the masses, the audience, a mob, or a crowd instead of appealing to reason	58
5469481450	You're- not - qualified flaw	A type of ad hominem fallacy that involves failing to address the issue that's been raised by an opponent and attacking his qualifications instead	59
5469486846	Ad Hominem tu quoque	Occurs when a claim is dismissed either because it is inconsistent with other claims which the claimant is making or because it is inconsistent with the claimant's actions	60
5471929842	Ad Hominem	Involves ignoring the issue and attacking the opponent personally	61
5471935799	Over- generalization	Involves assigning a characteristic to an entire group on the basis of only one or two observations	62
5471940036	Guilt by association	Involves holding that two unalike items or persons can be equated, one with the other, because of a single common characteristic or belief	63
5471948145	Hasty generalization	Is a logical fallacy in which not enough evidence is used to come to a conclusion	64
5471954520	The thin, entering wedge	Involves directly projecting past or present observations into the future without considering factors that could alter the direction or the magnitude of the projection	65
5471973729	Cause- and - effect error or post hoc fallacy	Involves assuming that just because event A preceded event B, event A must necessarily be the cause of event B	66
5471978745	Misused appeal to authority	Involves believing that those held to be wise or those who are famous cannot be wrong	67
5471984143	Figures prove fallacy	Involves a manipulation of statistics, using statistical information can strengthen an argument	68
5471992168	Begging the question or a circular argument	Involves offering a conclusion that turns out to be the premise, just restated	69
5471999812	Self- evident truth	Involves stating a conclusion without first offering the necessary premises for that conclusion	70
5472005323	Non sequitur	Fallacy involves the argument in which the conclusion does not follow its premise, often following a usually logical pattern of reasoning	71
5472013513	Argument ad nauseam or argument from repetition	The false conception that a statement is likely to be true if it has been repeated many times	72
5472021483	The slippery slope	Fallacy is similar to the thin, entering wedge. The arguer is claiming that one action in the present will result in more problems in the future	73
5472031355	Straw man	The act of misrepresenting another's opinion so that you can present a case that is easily knocked down	74
5472039308	Either- or fallacy	The false dilemma is when a debater narrows down a complicated issue to an either- or situation	75
5472042946	The false analogy	Involves offering an item as analogous to another item despite the absence of a marked similarity between the two items	76
5472050737	Oversimplification	Involves representing a complex and/or multifaceted problem in a simplistic manner	77
5472055509	Gambler's fallacy	Involves believing that the laws of chance indicate something will happen	78
5472069598	Paradigm	The way you view the world	79
5739032631	Juxtaposition	Act or instance of placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast -Oxymoron and antithesis are created through juxtaposition Ex: A tarantula crawling across a piece of angel food cake	80
5739043908	Periodic Sentence	Sentence not grammatically correct until the physical end of the sentence Ex: Over the river, through the woods, to grandmother's house we go	81
5739054117	Loose Sentence	Sentence in which the sentence is grammatically complete Ex: Opposite of periodic sentence	82
5739061686	Apothegm(atic)	A short, simple sentence that follows a series of longer more complex sentences	83
5739064852	Hypophora	Asking a question and then proceeding to answer it Ex: Why should you vote for me? I will supply you with several reasons!	84
5739084445	Three Types of Purposes	Physical Intellectual Emotional	85
5739098443	Metaphor	Comparison of two things not using like or as	86
5739101586	Simile	Comparison of two things using like or as	87
5739105396	Synecdoche	Figure of speech; part used to reference	88
5739108140	Personification	Providing human qualities with an object or animal	89
5739119621	Synesthesia	A confusion of the senses	90
5739128402	Cliche	Phrase or expression that has been used so often that it is no longer original	91
5739131764	Semantics	Study of language/words	92
5739134035	Malapropism	Humorous confusion of words	93
5739141730	Litotes	Emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition Ex: The trip was no easy journey Ex: It wasn't a bad day	94
5739147924	Colloquialism	A word of phrase that is not formal or literary	95
5739158095	Paradox	An idea that looks false at first but there's truth to it Ex: Witches in Macbeth	96
5739162969	Parody	Humorous copy of	97
5739164834	Oxymoron	Contradictory of terms	98
5739166695	Allusion	A famous historical reference	99
5739183601	Modes of Writing	Expository Descriptive Narrative Persuasive Extended Definition Classification Comparison/Contrast Exemplification	100
5739193386	Types of Reasoning	Generality Induction Analogy Sign Casual Correlative Authority Principle Deduction Syllogism Contextual	101
5739205480	Parts of an Argument	Claim Qualifier Support Warrant Counter Claim Rebuttal Refutation Procatalepsis Concession Antanagoge Irrelevance	102
5739225226	Syntactical Structure	Antithesis Parallelism Polysyndeton Asyndeton Chiasmus Segregating Sentence Juxtaposition Periodic Sentence Loose Sentence Apothegm(atic) Anadiplosis Rhetorical Question Hypophora Zeugma	103
5739246038	Tropes	Metaphor Simile Synecdoche Personification Hyperbole Understatement Synesthesia Irony	104
5739254658	Diction	Denotation Connotation Semantics Loaded Language Litotes Euphemism Cliche Colloquialism Neologism Malapropism	105
5739262337	Genres	Letter Speech Biography/Autobiography Memoir Textbook Editorial News Story Philosophical Essay Persuasive Essay Literary Essay Academic Journal Reference Book Travelogue Political Document	106
5739274542	Literary Terms	Symbolism Paradox Motif Parody Literal Imagery Oxymoron Satire Apostrophe Figurative Imagery Archetype Caricature Allusion	107
5739300960	Linguistic Strategies	Syntactical Structure Diction Tropes Mode	108
5739304061	Argumentative Strategies	Types Support Reasoning Appeals	109
6333436490	Metonymy	When one word is substituted for another	110
6333436491	Understatement	Presentation of something being smaller, worse, or less important than it is	111
6333436492	Litotes	Emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition	112
6333436493	Jargon	Language that is particular to a trade or professon	113
6333436494	Vernacular	The native language of a place	114
6333436495	Loaded language	Double meaning	115
6333436496	Neologism	A new word	116
6333436497	Figurative imagery	To use objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses	117
6333436498	Epigraph	Writing on the outside	118
6333436499	Digression	Slowly getting off topic	119
6333436500	Non sequitur	Being completely off topic	120
6333436501	Lampoon	A creative work that uses sharp humor to point to the foolishness of a person, institution, or human nature in general	121
6333436502	Discursive	Writing that meanders	122
6333436503	Dialectic	Centers on a proposal argument or thesis, and then counters that point of view with possible opposing ideas	123
6333436504	Pastor/ Idyll	Writing that extols the virtue of the country side/ nature	124
6333436505	Didactic	Emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature	125
6333436506	Allegory	Characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human life or for a political or historical situation	126
6333436507	Pedantry	Writing overwrought with rules and form	127
6333436508	Discourse	Written or spoken communication	128
6333436509	Avant garde	New or unusual, experimental	129
6333436510	Equivocal	More than one interpretation	130
6333436511	Enigmatic	Difficult to interpret	131
6333436512	Disdain	Showing contempt or hate	132
6333436513	Erudite	Educated	133
6333436514	Procatalepsis	Figure of speech where the speaker raises and objection to their own argument	134
6333436515	Concession	Acknowledging a point made by ones opponent	135
6333436516	Antanagoge	Putting a negative point next to a positive point	136
6333436517	Rebuttal	technique in which a speaker or writer uses argument and presents reasoning or evidence intended to undermine or weaken the claim of an opponent	137
6333436518	Refutation	described as the negation of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, through contradicting evidence.	138
6333436519	Warrant	Links the evidence to the claim	139
6333436520	Anecdotes	is defined as a short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh.	140
6333453676	Rhetorical question	a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer	141