AP World History Vocab Flashcards

2883286908	abacus	An ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters	0
2883290168	absolute monarchy	Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution	1
2883296102	Afrikaners	South Africans who were descended from the Dutch who settled in South Africa in the seventeenth century	2
2883299923	age grade	An age group into which children were placed in Bantu societies of early sub-Saharan Africa; children within the age grade wee given responsibilities and privileges suitable for their age and in this manner were prepared for adult responsibilities	3
2883310177	Agricultural Revolution	The transition from foraging to the cultivation of food occurring about 8000-2000 BCE; also known as the Neolithic Revolution	4
2883315833	Allah	The god of the Muslims; Arabic word for "god"	5
2883319187	Alliance for Progress	A program of economic aid for Latin America in exchange for a pledge to establish democratic institutions; part of U.S. Presidents Kennedy's international program	6
2883330396	Allied Powers	In World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in World War II, the group of nations including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States that fought against the Axis Powers.	7
2883345423	al-Qaeda	A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries	8
2883354104	animism	The belief that spirits inhabit the features of nature	9
2883365374	Anschluss	The German annexation of Austria prior to World War II	10
2883367713	apartheid	The South African policy of separation of the races	11
2883372143	appeasement	Policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930s	12
2883376996	aristocracy	Rule by a privileged hereditary class or nobility	13
2883387842	artifact	An object made by human hands	14
2883387843	artisan	A craftsman	15
2883389544	astrolabe	A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars	16
2883394945	Austronesian	A branch of languages originating in Oceania	17
2883409735	ayatollah	A traditional Muslim religious ruler	18
2883411237	ayllus	In Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler	19
2883418138	bakufu	A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai	20
2883430015	Bantu-speaking peoples	Name given to a group of sub-Saharan African peoples whose migrations altered the society of sub-Saharan Africa	21
2883433464	Battle of Tours	The 732 CE battle that halted the advance of Muslim armies into Europe at a point in Northern France	22
2883438833	benefice	In medieval Europe, a grant of land or other privilege to a vassal	23
2883446988	Berlin Conference (1884-1885)	Meeting of European Imperialist powers to divide Africa among them	24
2883450252	Black Death	The European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa in the fourteenth century	25
2883462103	bodhisattas	Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetimes; Buddhists prayed to them in order to receive some of their holiness	26
2883468369	Boer War (1899-1902)	War between the British and the Dutch over Dutch independence in South Africa; resulted in British victory	27
3577620190	Boers	South African of Dutch descent	28
3577620548	bourgeoisie	In France, the class of merchants and artisans who were members of the Third Estate and initiators of the French Revolution; in Marxist theory, a term referring to factory owners.	29
3577633747	Boxer Rebellion	(1898) Revolt against foreign residents of China	30
3577635576	boyars	Russian nobility	31
3577635577	Brahmin	A member of the social class of priests in the Aryan society	32
3577637126	brinkmanship	The cold war policy of the Soviet Union and the United Sates of threatening to go to war at a sign of aggression on the part of either power	33
3577638029	British Commonwealth	A political community consisting of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and former colonies of Great Britain that are now sovereign nations; currently called the Commonwealth of Nations	34
3577640736	bushi	Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses	35
3651391119	bushido	The code of honor of the samurai of Japan	36
3651391161	caliph	The chief Muslim political and religious leader	37
3651394113	calpulli	Aztec clans that supplied labor and warriors to leaders	38
3651400620	capital	The money and equipment needed to engage in industrialization	39
3651402297	capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making	40
3651404825	caravel	A small, easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations	41
3651408314	cartels	Unions of independent business in order to regulated production, prices, and the marketing of goods	42
3651410778	Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)	The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education.	43
3651417663	Central Powers	In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and the other nations who fought with them against the Allies	44
3651422331	chinampas	Platforms of twisted vines and mud that served the Aztecs as floating gardens and extended their agricultural land	45
3651425787	chivalry	A knight's code of honor in medieval Europe	46
3651427755	civilization	A cultural group with advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced technology, and a system of record-keeping	47
3651435983	climate	The pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time	48
3651438214	coalition	A government based on temporary alliances of several political parties	49
3651441016	Code Napoleon	Collection of laws that standardized French law under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte	50
3651443964	cold war	The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II	51
3651446410	collectivization	The combination of several small farms into a large government-controlled farm	52
3651449503	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus	53
3651457163	commercial revolution	The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries	54
3651458578	communism	An economic system in which the state controls the means of production	55
3651462444	conscription	Military draft	56
3651462445	conservatism	In nineteenth-century Europe, a movement that supported monarchies, aristocracies, and state-established churches	57
3651466565	containment	Cold war policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism	58
3651469714	Cossacks	Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries	59
3651471717	covenant	Agreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind	60
3651476275	criollos (creoles)	A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents	61
3651479327	cubism	A school of art in which persons and objects are represented by geometric forms	62
3651485702	cultural diffusion	The transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another	63
3651487365	Cultural Revolution	A Chinese movement from 1966 to 1967 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers	64
3651489998	cuneiform	A system of writing originating in Mesopotamia in which a wedge-shaped stylus was used to press symbols into clay	65
3658599610	daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of samurai	66
3658601404	Dar al-Islam	The House of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of the various Islamic groups	67
3658606682	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution	68
3658610329	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen	A statement of the rights of women written by Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man	69
3658612822	Deism	The concept of God common to the Scientific Revolution; the deity was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws	70
3658617095	democracy	A political system in which the people rule	71
3658620286	deoxiribonucleic acid (DNA)	The blueprint of heredity	72
3658623075	devshirme	A practice of the Ottoman Empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries	73
3658625509	dharma	The position in the Hindu caste system that was determined by one;s birth	74
3658626987	diaspora	The exile of an ethnic or racial group from their homeland	75
3658629136	divine right	The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God	76
3658630811	domestic system	A manufacturing method in which the stages of the manufacturing process are carried out in private homes rather than a factory setting	77
3658636408	Duma	The Russian parliament	78
3658637498	Dutch learning	Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century	79
3658640745	dynasty	A series of rulers from the same family	80
3658642269	economic imperlialism	Control of a country;s economy by the businesses of another nation	81
3658644461	economic liberalism	The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal	82
3658647658	Edict of Milan	A document that made Christianity one of the religions allowed in the Roman Empire	83
3658649640	empirical research	Research based on the collection of data	84
3658652595	enclosure movement	The fencing of pasture land in England beginning prior to the Industrial Revolution	85
3658654905	encomienda	A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists	86
3658657104	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve humankind and society	87
3658661799	entrepreneurship	The ability to combine the factors of land, labor, and capital to create factory production	88
3658665531	estates	The divisions of society in prerevolutionary France	89
3658669327	Estates-General	The traditional legislative body of France	90
3658670737	euro	The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002	91
3658673136	European Union	An organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community	92
3658677012	evangelical	Pertaining to preaching the Gospel (the good news) or pertaining to theologically conservative Christians	93
3658679849	excommunication	The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices	94
3658687682	extraterritoriality	The right of foreigners to live under the laws of their home country rather than those of the host country	95
3658690927	factor	An agent with trade privileges in early Russia	96
3658692552	fascism	A political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights	97
3658695350	feminism	The movement to achieve women's rights	98
3658696512	feudalism	A political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection	99
3692798549	fief	In medieval Europe, a grant of land given in exchange for military or other sevices	100
3692802246	filial piety	In Chine, respect for one's parents and other elders	101
3692807250	Five Pillars	Five practices required of Muslims: faith, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage	102
3692814558	Five-Year Plans	Plans for industrial production first introduced to the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930's	103
3692820000	footbinding	In China, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the household	104
3692827568	foraging	A term for hunting and gathering	105
3692829060	fundamentalism	A return to traditional religious beliefs and practices	106
3692830929	Geneva COnference	A 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel	107
3692832805	genocide	The systematic killing of an entire ethnic group	108
3692835183	geocentric theory	The belief held by many before the Scientific Revolution that the earth is the center of the universe	109
3692837847	glasnost	The 1985 policy of Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed openness of expression of ideas in the Soviet Union	110
3692843573	Glorious Revolution	The bloodless overthrow of King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne	111
3692848177	gold standard	A monetary system in which currency is backed up by a specific amount of gold	112
3692850885	Gothic architecture	Architecture of twelfth-century Europe, featuring stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, tall spires, and pointed arches	113
3692860991	Gran Colombia	The temporary union of the northern portion of South America after the independence movements led by Simon Bolivar; ended in 1830	114
3692865690	Great Depression	The severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920's and continued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world	115
3692869812	Great Leap Forward	The disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes	116
3692876572	Green Revoluton	A program of improved irrigation methods and the introduction of high-yield seeds and fertilizers and pesticides to improve agriculture production; the Green Revolution was especially successful in Asia but was also used in Latin America	117
3692883680	griots	Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa wh carried on oral traditions and histories	118
3692887937	guano	Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century	119
3692897976	guest workers	Workers from North Africa and Asia who migrated to Europe during the late twentieth century in search of employment; some guest workers settled in Europe permanently	120
3692901954	Guomindang	China;s Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925 the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party	121
3692908301	Hadith	A collection of the sayings and deeds of Muhammad	122
3692909558	hajj	The pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca required once of every Muslim who is not limited by health or financial reasons	123
3692913821	harem	A household of wives and concubines in the Middle East, Africa, or Asia	124
3692918322	heliocentric theory	The concept that the sun is the center of the universe	125
3692921968	Hellenistic Age	The era (c. 323 to 30 BCE) in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great	126
3692928395	Helsinki Accords	A 1975 political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by Western European countries and the Soviet Union	127
3692933557	hieroglyphics	A system of picture writing used in Egypt	128
3692935065	hijrah	The flight ofvMuhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar	129
3701021905	Holocaust	The Nazi program during World War II that killed six million Jews and other groups considered to be undesirable	130
3701024828	imperialism	The establishment of colonial empires	131
3701088841	import substitution industrialization	An economic system that attempts to strength a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports	132
3701091990	Inca	The ruler of the Quechua people of the west coast of South America; the term is also applied to the Quechua people as a whole	133
3701096389	indentured servitude	The practice of contracting with a master to provide labor for a specified period of years in exchange for passage and living expenses	134
3701115289	Indian National Congress	Political party that became the leader of the Indian Nationalist movement	135
3701117003	Indo-Europeans	A group of seminomadic peoples who, around 2000 BCE, began to mirae from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East	136
3701120209	indulgence	A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer forgiveness of sins	137
3701122669	Industrial Revoultion	The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting	138
3701128027	International Monetary Fund	An international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade	139
3717439607	International Space Station	A vehicle sponsored by sixteen nations that circles the earth while carrying out esperiments	140
3717440214	investiure	The authority claimed by monarchs to appoint church officials	141
3717440862	Jacobins	Extreme radicals during the French Revolution	142
3717441481	Janissaries	Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands	143
3717442652	jati	One of many sub-castes in the Hindu caste system	144
3717444632	Jesuits	Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534	145
3717446529	jihad	Islamic holy war	146
3717446576	junks	Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties	147
3717449051	Kaaba	A black stone or meteorite that became the most revered shrine in Arabia before the introduction of Islam; situated in Mecca, it was later incorporated in the Islamic faith	148
3717452132	Kabuki theater	A form of Japanese theater developed in the seventeenth century that features colorful scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of acting	149
3717455475	kamikaze	The "divine wind" credited by the Japanese with preventing the Mongol invasion of Japan during the thirteenth century	150
3717457534	karma	In Hindu tradition, the good or evil deeds done by a person	151
3717458497	Khan	A Mongol ruler	152
3717460619	kowtow	A ritualistic bow practiced in the Chinese court	153
3717461049	kulaks	Russian peasants who became wealthy under Lenin's New Economic Policy	154
3717464648	laissez-faire economics	An economic concept that holds that government should not interfere with or regulate businesses and industries	155
3717465408	lateen sail	A triangular sail attached to a short mast	156
3717465980	latifundia	Large landholdings in the Roman Empire	157
3717466677	League of Nations	International organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations	158
3717467787	liberalism	An Enlightenment philosophy that favored civil rights, the protection of private property, and representative government	159
3717473170	Liberation Theology	A religious belief that emphasizes social justice for victims of poverty and oppression	160
3717473973	limited liability corporation (LLC)	A business organization in which the owners have limited personal legal responsibility for debts and actions of the business	161
3717476330	Magna Carta	A document written in England in 1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later these rights came to be extended to all classes	162
3717478021	Malay sailors	Southeast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean; by 500 CE, they had colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana	163
3717480378	Mamluks	Turkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate i the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries	164
3717489442	Manchus	Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty	165
3717490662	mandate	A type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after World War I	166
3717493480	mandate of heaven	The concept developed by the Zhou dynasty that the deity granted a dynasty the right to rule and took away that right if the dynasty did not rule wisely	167
3717495227	manoralism	The system of self-sufficient estates that arose in medieval Europe	168
3717497107	Maori	A member of a Polynesian group that settled in New Zealand about 800 CE	169