AP World History Review Flashcards
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| 4341730404 | Environmental and Periodization Issues | --The ability to settle was based almost entirely on successful cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. --The Neolithic Revolution happened independently on different places and is a significant Marker Event | 0 | |
| 4341734430 | Changes that happened as a result of the Neolithic Revolution | --Increase in Reliable Food Supplies: Control food production/domestication of animals --Rapid Population Increase: Reliable food supplies allowed people to live longer which led to increasing reproduction --Job Specialization: Fewer people were needed to make food; Early specialized jobs included priests, traders, and builders --Widening of Gender Differences: Men took over most agricultural cultivation and domestication of animals/ Women were responsible for raising children, cooking food, and keeping house; Men became more dominant/ Patriarchy arose --Development of Distinction Between Settled People/ Nomads: Remained as hunters/gatherers; Distinction grew as more settled communities developed | 1 | |
| 4345104707 | The Nature of Civilization: Characteristics | --Large Cities: controlled hinterlands in order to guarantee a reliable/continuous supply of food --Monumental Architecture and Public Building Projects: Temples, palaces, aqueducts,etc. --A Complex Political Organization: Developed in order to coordinate activities/ provide protection for the cities and hinterlands --A Written Language: Allowed people to communicate multiple ideas and large amounts of information that encouraged greater complexity and growth --Specialization of Labor: Specialize in jobs that help to improve the quality of life --Advanced Art and Architecture: Consisted of simple drawings/ Literature took the form of oral stories passed down through generations --Long Distance Trade: Technologies improved and specialization increased/Led to cultural diffusion/ contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of cities | 2 | |
| 4345184272 | Periodization | 1) Early agricultural and technological development (About 8000 BCE to 3500 BCE) 2) Development of the earliest civilizations (About 3500 to 1500 BCE)-- Known as "river valley" civilizations --Mesopotamia --Egypt --Indus Valley --Shang China 3) Classical Civilizations (Approximately 1000 BCE to 600 CE) --Zhou/Han China --Roman Empire --Gupta Empire | 3 | |
| 4345217894 | Common Characteristics of the River-Valley Civilizations | --Location In River Valleys: --Complex Irrigation Systems: --Development of Legal Codes: --Use of Money: --Elaborate Art Forms and/or Written Literature: --More Formal Scientific Knowledge/Numbering Systems/ Calendars: --Intensification of Social Inequality: | 4 | |
| 4345245336 | Nomads and Migrations (3500-500 BCE) | --During the era of the earliest river valley civilizations --Many kingdoms/empires were founded by nomadic groups who took control and settled into areas of the people they conquered | 5 | |
| 4345284464 | Major Migrations (3500-1100 BCE) | 1) Phoenicians: --Small group of seafaring people from a coastal area of the eastern Medietrranean Sea/ had set up colonies in North africa and southern Europe --Used the cuneiform system to facilitate trade --Spread maritime skils --Cuneiform system was an alphabet of 22 symbols and became the basis for alphabets in Greece, Rome, and many other modern languages 2)Israelites: --Originated in the Mesopotamian city of Ur with the founder of Judaism, Abraham --MIgrated and settled in Canaan where they were different from the oter people there because they were monotheistic --Later migrated to Egypt to escapce a drought and became slaves Returned to Canaan under their leader Moses, and formed the kingdom of Israel 3) Aryans: --Originated in the Caucasus area --Waves of migrants invaded the Indian subcontinent s --Remained a nomadic people for many years until they settled in the Ganges River area --Imposed caste system of natives/ stories became the basis for Hinduism | 6 | |
| 4345371257 | The Classical Civilizations (1000 BCE- 600 CE) | --Period after the decline of river civilizations --Differed From Previous Ones In Several Ways 1) Kept better and more recent records 2) Provides many direct links to the modern world; referred to as root civilizations 3) Expansionist; Deliberately conquering lands around them to create large empires; Much larger in land space/ population --Areas where civilizations proved to be very durable were: 1) The Mediterranean: The Greeks/Romans 2) China: Zhou Empire through Han Dynasty 3) India: Mauryan/ Gupta Empires | 7 | |
| 4345419282 | Common Features of Classical Civilizations | --Developed own beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures --Similiarities 1) Patriarchies: Valued male authority w/in families 2) Agricultural-based Economies: Farming was the most common occupation 3) Complex Governments: Invented new ways to keep large empires together politically 3) Expanding Trade Base: Complex economic systems/ Operated independently/ Connected by land and sea | 8 | |
| 4345865525 | Global Trade and Contact | --Major civilizations were not entirely isolated from one another --Western Hemisphere not yet in contact with the Eastern Hemisphere --Cultural diffusion took place, such as Hellenization (deliberate spread of Greek culture) -- Alexander the Great encouraged Hellenism through his conquering of lands in Egypt, India, Persia, and the Middle East --Helped spread Greek architecture, philosophy, sculpture, and values | 9 | |
| 4345910472 | Trade Routes of the Classical Era (1000 BCE to 600 CE) | --Silk Road --Indian Ocean --Saharan -- Sub Saharan | 10 | |
| 4345919209 | Silk Road | -- Overland route from western China to the Mediterranean -- What Traded? 1) From west to east: horses, alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts 2) From east to west: silk (most desired), peaches, apricots, spices, pottery, paper -- Who Participated? 1) Chinese, Indians, Parthians, central Asians (nomads were the primary agents of trade), Romans -- Consisted of a series of passages with common stops along the way --Major towns appeared asking the way --Cultural Diffusion: Chariot warfare, the stirrup, music, diversity of populations, Buddhism and Christianity, wealth and prosperity | 11 | |
| 4345974688 | Indian Ocean Trade | --By water from Canton in China to Southeast Asia to India to eastern Africa and the Middle East --Monsoon controlled --What Traded: pigments, pearls, spices, bananas, and other tropical fruits --Who participated:Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arabs, people on Africa's eastern coast --Cultural Diffusion: Lateen sail permitted sailing far from coast; Created a trading class with mixture of cultures, ties to homeland broken | 12 | |
| 4346022427 | Saharan Trade | -- Points in western Africa south of the Sahara to the Mediterranean; Cairo (at mouth of Nile) most important destination -- Camel caravans -- What Traded? 1) Salt from Sahara to points south and west 2) Gold from western Africa 3) Wheat and olives from Italy 4) Roman manufactured goods to western Africa --Who Participated? 1) Western Africans/ Mediterranean people 2) Berbers were the most important agents of trade -- Cultural Diffusion: Technology of the camel saddle (allowed domestication and use of the camel for trade) -- -- -- | 13 | |
| 4346024954 | Sub- Saharan Trade | --Connected Africans south and east of the Sahara to one another; connected in the east to the other trade routes --What Traded: Agricultural products/iron weapons --Who Participated: Diverse people's in sub-Saharan Africa -- Cultural Diffusion: sub- Saharan Africa Bantu language/ "Africanity" -- -- -- | 14 | |
| 4346126814 | The Late Classical Era: The Fall of Empires (200 to 600 CE) | -- Classical civilizations experienced decline and/or conquest 1) Han China (around 220 CE) 2) Western Roman Europe (476 CE) 3) Gupta (550 CE) | 15 | |
| 4346152682 | Similarities: Factors that caused empires to fall | 1) Attack from the Huns -- Migration caused by drought and lack of pasture -- Invention and use of the stirrup facilitated attacks 2) Deterioration of political institutions -- Riddled by political corruption --Suffered weak willed rulers --Moral decay 3) Protection/Maintenance of Borders -- Military had trouble guarding large borders -- EX) Great Wall 4) Diseases that filled trade routes -- Plagues/ epidemics may have killed off as much as half of their populations | 16 | |
| 4346201483 | Differences | 1) The Gupta's dependence on alliances with regional princess broke down -- Tendency toward political fragmentation on Indian subcontinent 2) Rome's empire lasted the longest -- Split in two and the Eastern half endured for another 1000 years after the west fell 3) The Affects of the Fall of the Empires --Gupta: had the least impact b/c of the lack of political unity/ the traditions of Hinduism and the caste system continued on -- Han Dynasty: problematic b/c strong centralized government wad in place/social disorder resulted from the loss of authority; dynastic cycles that followed the Mandate of Heaven were well defined; Confucian traditions gave coherence to Chinese society -- Rome: most devastating fall; Christianity appeared late in the life if the empire/didn't provide enough to unify the empire after its fall; areas of the empire fragmented until small parts/developed unique characteristics | 17 | |
| 4346275974 | Common Consequences | -- Trade was disrupted but survived; trade on the Indian Ocean increased as the conflict/decline of political authority affected overland trade -- Importance of religion increased as political authority decreased; Christianity was left to develop authority in many areas of people's lives in the west; Buddhism spread quickly into China as competition for Confucianism -- Political disunity in the Middle East forged the way for the appearance of Islam in the 7th century | 18 | |
| 4346343206 | The Spread of Islam (Factors) | -- Religious zeal --Well disciplined armies: Able Muslim commanders/ Effective war tactics/ Efficientlyorganized armies -- Weakness of the Byzantine/Persian Empires: Subjects more willing to convey to a new region add they were conquered by Islamic armies --Treatment of Conquered Peoples: Conquered Peoples allowed to retain their own religions;Christians and Jews considered superior b/c they were monotheistic and adhered to a written religious code; Christians and Jews were " people of the book"; many puerile converted b/c of the appeal and lack of poll tax | 19 | |
| 4346411340 | The Sunni- Shia Split | --Sunni ("the followers of Muhammad's example"): Believed the caliph should continue to be selected by the leaders of the Muslim community -- Shia ("the party of Ali"): Thought the caliph should be a relative of Ali -- The split contributed to the Umayyad's decline add a political system | 20 | |
| 4346512074 | The Changing Status of Women | -- The patriarchal system characterized most early civilizations --Women enjoyed rights not given in other lands 1) Inheriting property 2) Divorcing husbands 3) Sending in business ventures -- The Qur'an emphasized equality of all puerile before Allah/ outlawed female infanticide/provided that dowries go directly to brides -- Islam reinforced male dominance --The Qur'an and sharia recognized descent through the male line/controlled the social and sexual lives of wives -- Adopted the veiling of women/ the practice of women venturing outside of the home only in the company of servants or chaperones | 21 | |
| 4346566305 | Arts, Sciences, and Technologies | -- Learned officials called ulama ("people with religious knowledge") and qadis ("judges") helped to spread Islamic values throughout the dar al- Islam -- Formal educational institutions were established/were supported by the wealthy/attracted scholars/led to a fleeting of arts, sciences, and new technologies -- Islamic states in northern India adopted mathematics from conquered peoples using Hindi (Arabic) numerals which included a symbol for zero -- Muslims accredited with thr development of mathematical thought (algebra) -- Muslims interested on Greek philosophy, science, and medical writings -- | 22 | |
| 4346616783 | Interegional Networks and Contacts | -- Contacts among societies in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and Asia increased significantly -- Africa/ Europe became much more important links in the long distance trade networks --The Mediterranean ans Indian Ocean trade routes linked the Muslim Empire together/Arabic sailors came to dominate the trade | 23 | |
| 4346652670 | African Societies and Empires | -- Islam already into north Africa around 640/ African rulers converted --Centralized states began to form -- Berbers became Muslims/Islam mixed with native cultures to create a synthesis that took different forms in different places | 24 | |
| 4346682156 | Major Empires in West Africa | 1) Ghana: -- Soninke people formed an empire called Ghana by the 700s --Most important asset was good from the Niger river area that they trade for salt from the Sahara --Arab and Berber traders carried cloth, weapons, and manufactured goods from ports on the Mediterranean -- The king controlled the gold supply to keep the price high/commanders an impressive army -- Rulers converted to Islam but most others retained their native religions 2) Mali: -- Ghana was conquered by the Almoravids during the 11th century and Mali emerged in west Africa -- Larger, more powerful, and richer than Ghana --Wealth based on gold which became a basic commodity in long distance trade --Sundiata was Mali's first great ruler --Sundiata defeated kingdoms around Mali and proved to be an effective administrator --Mansa Musa was even more famous/is best known for causing inflation as he traveled to Mecca for the hajj by giving away so much gold/affecting all economies along the trade routes --The capital city, Timbuktu, became a world center of trade, education, and sophistication 3) Swahili city states: --The people who live in trade cities along the coast provided an important link for long distance trade --Were not united politically -- Were well developed/had cultural diversity and sophisticated architecture -- The people collectively known as Swahili b/c of three language they spoke (combination of Bantu/Arabic) -- Most were Muslims -- Sailors known for ability to misjudged small boats through the Indian Ocean | 25 | |
| 4346989668 | The Christian Crusades (Late 11th through 13th centuries CE) | --Pope Urban II called for the Christian Crusades in 1095 in order to defend the Christian Middle East from Turkish Muslim invaders --The Eastern Orthodox Byzantine emperor called in Urban for help when Muslims were right outside Constantinople --The things resulted in no permanent gains for Christians -- Constantinople was taken by Muslims in 1453 and renamed Istanbul --Europeans were brought into the major world trade circuits --Stimulated a demand for foreign goods in Europe such as silk, spices, and gold | 26 | |
| 4347049691 | The Importance of the Mongols | --Mongol invasions of the 13th century --Conquered China, India, the Middle East, and Russia --Established and ruled the largest empire ever in world history -- Attacks at first disrupted major trade routes --Rule established Pax Mongolica | 27 | |
| 4347051425 | The Rise of the Mongols | -- Originated in Central Asian steroid steppes -- Mongol Khan, Temuljin (Genghis Khan), United the clans under his leadership around 1200 CE --Genghis' sons and grandsons continued conquests until it reached impressive size -- Genghis endured that ask general's were either trusted friends out family/they remained loyal to him -- Used surprise tactics: fake retreats, false leads -- Developed sophisticated catapults and gunpowder charges -- Stopped in Eurasia by the death of Ogadai | 28 | |
| 4347054597 | The Mongols Organization | -- Formed four khanates/each one was ruled by a different relative --Exacted tribute from conquered lands/allowed people to keep their customs -- Adopted the customs/religions of the people they ruled --When the empire split the Mongols assimilated into the cultures they had conquered | 29 | |
| 4347054598 | Marco Polo | -- left his home in Venice in the 13th century/traveled to China -- Met Kublai Khan/stayed in China as an envoy -- Served the Khan for 17 years before returning home -- Upon return he was imprisoned/told his stories to his cell mates --A prisoner complied the stories into a book that soon became popular in Europe/many believed they were not true | 30 | |
| 4347056039 | Ibn Battuta | -- Famous traveller and writer of the 14th century -- Spent many years visiting places within Islamic empires -- First left home to make a pilgrimage to Mecca -- He then traveled through Mesopotamia and Persia, then sailed down the Red Sea and down the east African coast -- Later traveled to India, the Black Sea, Spain, Mali, and trading cities of Central Asia -- Wrote about his journeys/compileda detailed journal | 31 | |
| 4347056127 | China's Hegemony | -- Hegemony occurs when a civilization extends its political, economic, social, and cultural influence over others -- China extended its reach over most of Asia b/c it was the most powerful empire at the time | 32 | |
| 4347060200 | The "Golden Era" of the Tang and Song | --During the Sui dynasty China began to restore its centralized imperial rule -- A great accomplishment was the building of the Grand Canal which made it possible for China to increase the amount and variety of internal trade | 33 | |
| 4347064338 | Economic Revolutions of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Characteristics) | 1) Increasing Agricultural Production -- Cultivation of rice introduced from southern China and Vietnam -- Agricultural techniques improved with the user of the heavy iron plow and water buffalo -- Organized extensive irrigation systems so agricultural production could move away from rivers 2) Increasing Population -- By the Song Dynasty (1200) the population was 115 million -- Growth occurred b/c of the agricultural revolution/improved food distribution (Grand canal/roads) 3) Urbanization --Cities grew/brew ones were created -- The Tang capital (Xi'an) was the largest in the world --The Song capital (Hangzhou) was a cosmopolitan city with large markets, public theatres, restaurants, and craft shops 4) Technological Innovations -- Tang porcelain was made lighter, thinner, more useful, and more attractive -- Porcelain was highly valued/traded to many other areas of the world -- Superior methods for producing iron and steel were developed/ iron production increased -- Best known for inventing gunpowder, movable type printing, and the magnetic compass 5) Financial Inventions -- Paper money created since copper was scarce -- Letters of credit ("flying cash") allowed merchants to deposit money in one location and gave it in another -- Also used checks | 34 | |
| 4347394648 | Neo-Confucianism | --Eased the conflict between Buddhism and Confucianism -- Confucians were concerned with the practical issues of politics and morality/main goal was an ordered social and political structure -- Neo-Confucians became familiar with Buddhist beliefs/referred to li -- Influenced thought in China, Korea, and Japan | 35 | |
| 4347398932 | Patriarchal Social Structures | -- Tightened as wealth and agricultural productivity increased -- Elites endured the purity of their lines by further finding women to the home -- Foot binding became popular/resulted in tiny malformed feet -- Women could not walk without canes -- Peasant and middle class women did not bond their feet b/c it was impractical | 36 | |
| 4347402323 | Korea and Japan | -- During the 7th century Tang armies conquered much of Korea/the Silla Dynasty's king recognized the Tang emperor as his overlord -- Korea became a tributary of China/rulers had a great deal of autonomy -- Chinese armies never invaded Japan b/c it was an isolated island with mountainous terrain -- Small states dominated by aristocratic clans developed -- Chinese influence (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese writing characters) diffused to Japan -- Japan was able to remain unique in many ways: 1) Shintoism remained an important religion 2) Separation of l power from real political power: Emperor served as a ceremonial figurehead/symbol of authority;Thr Fugiwara clan was really in control (794-1188) and were able to manipulate the emperor; the Minamoto clan seized power in the late 11th century and installed their leader as shogun -- The Japanese developed a system of feudalism accompanied by a set of political values that emphasized mutual ties, obligations, and loyalties -- Daimyos found military talent in samurai who lived by a warrior's code that required them to commit suicide by disembowelment if they failed their masters | 37 | |
| 4347407126 | Developments in Europe (500 to 1450 CE) | -- Referred to as the "Dark Ages" b/c many aspects of Roman civilization were lost -- Could not read or write -- Needed protection, especially from Vikings and Maygars during the 8th and 9th centuries -- Established feudalism in response --European feudal institutions revolved around political/military relationships -- Developed into a network of Lord- vassal relationships | 38 | |
| 4347879715 | The Division of Christendom | -- Roman Empire divided into two parts when imperial power shifted eastward from Rome to Byzantium -- Emperor Constantine moved the new capital to Constantinople -- Christianity spread with centers in both Rome and Constantinople/Christian practices and beliefs split in different directions -- Two different churches developed: the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church -- Schism became official in 1054 when the Pope and Patriarch devised their differences could not be reconciled | 39 | |
| 4347991953 | Byzantine Empire | -- Remained intact b/c withstood fewer attacks -- Survived for almost a year after the collapse of the west -- Cane under pressure from Islamic Turkish peoples by thr 11th century and feel to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 | 40 | |
| 4348013525 | The Church in the West | -- The Catholic Church emerged as a unifying institution -- Catholic Church established it's influence in several ways: 1) Development of a church hierarchy -- The Poor cane yo be head of the church with cardinals that reported to him -- Archbishops governed bishops -- Bishops supervised individual priests 2) Establishment of wandering ministries -- Priests represented its influence -- Franciscans and Dominicans were two orders 3) The establishment of monasteries -- Spread all over Europe/were retreats got minds -- Convents for nuns were also established 4) Convents and monasteries served many vital functions -- Refuge for those in trouble: Seen as safe havens/represented the protection the church offered to the people -- Communication to the central church hierarchy: Abbots headed monasteries/kept church officials in touch of what was going on -- Centers of scholarship, education, and libraries: Monks were usually the only ones who could read and write/doesn't their time copying ancient manuscripts -- Some monasteries formed universities with the copied books in their library | 41 | |
| 4348224068 | The Late Middle Ages (1000-1450 CE) | -- Crusades helped Europe to start revitalizing -- Many demographic changes took place 1) Agricultural Revolution: Learned and adapted new techniques and inventions that increased crop production;perfected the the field system;used iron plows, water mills, horses, and horse harnesses 2) Population Increases: increase in crop production; 3) Revival of Trade 4) Growth of towns/new towns 5) Commercial Revolution: Long distance trade encouraged the user of financial innovations from other places 6) Guilds:Came up be quite powerful by passing laws, levying taxes, and challenging powerful merchant | 42 | |
| 4348507835 | Early Russia | -- Adopted Eastern Orthodoxy/established the Russian Orthodox Church -- Kievan princes established firm control over the church/had less power than princess in Moscow -- Built on feudalistic ties -- Muscovites served as collectors of tribute to the Mongols when they invaded -- When the Mongols lost power they rebelled, seized their territory, and named their ruler "tsar" | 43 | |
| 4348561029 | The Amerindian World | -- Between 600 and 1450 CE large empires emerged in thew Americas -- The Maya were located in the jungle of Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula --The Aztecs of Mesoamerica and the Inca of South America were the largest and emerged later | 44 | |
| 4348601698 | Ming China and the Outside World | --After driving the Mongols out China's internal trade and political administration was restored -- Ming emperors were wary of westerners but yet they traded Chinese products for spices, cotton fabrics, gems, and pearls -- Emperor Yongle sponsored seven naval expeditions between 1405 and 1433/all were led by Zheng He -- Chinese junks were the largest at this time -- Main purpose of the voyages was to exact tribute from other people/show off China's newly regained power -- The voyages were very expensive and did not bring any income to China -- Voyages ended after Yongle died/new emperor refused to sponsor the voyages | 45 | |
| 4350116401 | European/Portuguese Exploration | 1) European motivations --Profit from commercial operations: set out to make voyages by sea travel -- Spread of Christianity: Missionary motives were often as strong as their desire for profits 2) Portuguese -- Dominated Indian Ocean trade for most of the 16th century with the user of superior weapons -- Wanted to find converts to Christianity | 46 | |
| 4350125519 | Early Spanish Expeditions- The Conquest of the Americas | -- Diaz, de Gama, and Columbus were some of the first Europeans to arrivein the new world -- Christianity spread to a new hemisphere -- Portugal and Spain divided the world in half with the Pope's blessing in the Treaty of Tordesillas -- A 1519 Spanish expedition led by Hernan Cortes marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and defeated the empire b/c of superior weaponry and the outbreak of smallpox -- Francisco Pizarro later attacked and defeated the Inca The Portuguese took control of Brazil while the Spanish had Mesoamerica and South America | 47 | |
| 4350182726 | Colonial Political Structures | 1) Spain (and Portugal) --Appointed viceroys to rule in the king's name -- Set up a Council of the Indies -- Advisory councils set up in each viceroyalty, which were diverse according to region -- Viceroys and councils had a great deal of independence b/c of difficulty communicating -- Large bureaucracies developed in urban areas 2) England -- No elaborate bureaucracy -- Individual colonies allowed to set up their own structures -- British government formed partnerships with trading companies | 48 | |
| 4350189359 | Colonial Social Structures | 1) Spain -- Almost complete subjugation of Amerindians who were placed at bottom of the social structure -- Hierarchical class system emerged -- Peninsulares had the highest, then Creoled, then mestizos, then mulattoes, with natives and Africans at the bottom -- Slavery was common -- Recommends and mita labor systems used 2) England -- Less successful at subjugating Amerindians -- More diverse colonies -- Mixing of races blurred social distinctions, but they were still present -- Slavery was common, especially in the south | 49 | |
| 4350244014 | Gunpowder Empires | -- Land based empires who built their power on the use of gunpowder -- The Ottomans and Safavids/ The Mughals/ The Ming and Qing/ Russian Empire -- All had huge armies equipped with guns -- Developed independently from western influence -- Conquered/subjugated nomadic groups | 50 | |
| 4350250658 | Early Qing Dynasty | -- Manchus overthrew the Ming and called themselves the Qing ("pure") b/c they thought they would restore China to glory -- Ruled China until 1911 -- Emperors ruled under the mandate of heaven/kept their ethnic identity -- No intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus -- Chinese could not learn Manchurian language/men had to grow queus at the back of their had as a sign of submission | 51 | |
| 4350257004 | Labor Systems in the Americas | 1) Mita -- Labor tax to support the elites and the elderly -- Adopted by the Spanish for work in the silver mines 2) Encomienda --Used primarily for agricultural work *Both systems killed many natives* | 52 |