AP World History- Chapter 1 Flashcards

2803561716	Sumerian City-States	Cities with experienced internal and external pressures that prompted them to establish states.	0
2803563330	Sumer	A land in the Southern half of Mesopotamia.	1
2803564954	Semitic Migrants	Nomadic herders who went to Mesopotamia from the Arabian and Syrian deserts to the South and West.	2
2803566051	Sumerian Kings	The individual rulers that establish themselves as Monarchs.	3
2803567724	Sargon Of Akkad	The creator of empire in Mesopotamia.	4
2803568029	Hammurabi's Laws	a Babylonian legal code of the 18th century B.C. or earlier, instituted by Hammurabi and dealing with criminal and civil matters.	5
2803568688	The Assyrian Empire	In this empire, people honored their powerful kings with beautiful palaces and huge sculptures. They built some of the earliest aqueducts.	6
2803569231	Social Classes	groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education	7
2803570065	Temple Communities	Priest and priestesses lived in these	8
2803570344	The Wheel	a Mesopotamian invention that was created at around 3500 BCE and was used to make wheeled carts	9
2803570495	Ship Building	Sumerians also experimented with technologies of maritime transportation, by 3500 B.C. they built a water craft that let them venture into the Gulf and beyond.	10
2803570752	Trade Networks	A trade network is a network of roads, railroads, harbors and airports that connect all of your cities together to share luxuries	11
2803571032	Iron Metallurgy	Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper	12
2803571305	Women's Roles	Women made their influence felt in the Mesopotamia society.	13
2803571597	Cuneiform Writing	First writing, created around 3000 B.C., created by the Sumerians, written with reed stylus,	14
2803571788	Slaves	property- slave owners could do anything with their slaves (buy, sell, abuse)	15
2803572097	The Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature	16
2803573801	Astronomy and Mathematics	Mayan advances in these subjects were motivated by the need to have an accurate calendar to know which god was in charge of the day.	17
2803575469	Moses and Monotheism	After the time of Moses, the religious beliefs of the Israelites developed along increasingly distinctive lines.	18
2803575875	Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests	two ancient empires that arose in Iraq.	19
2803576306	Migration and Settlement in Palestine	Some Hebrews migrated from Palestine to Egypt during the eighteenth century B.C.E.. however this branch of Hebrews departed under the leadership of Moses and went to Palestine.	20
2803576707	Alphabetic Writing	a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment	21
2803577285	The Early Jewish Community	The exiles who returned to Judea after the Babylonian conquest did not abandon hope for a state of there own, and indeed they organized several small Jewish states.	22
2803577712	The Early Phoenicians	An ancient semetic thalassocratic civilization situated on the western, costal part of the Fertile Crescent and centered on the modern day Lebanon.	23
2803578334	Indo-European Languages	a family of several hundred related languages and dialects	24
2803578666	The Indo-European Homelnd	The original homeland of Indo- European speakers was probably the steppe region of modern day Ukraine and Southern Russia.	25
2803579048	Horses	Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains	26
2803579235	The Hitties	they were mesopotamian people who were the first to work iron. they lasted from about 1680 bc to 1180 bc.	27
2812083801	Indo-European Migrations to the East	Some Indo- Europeans went east in central Asia.	28
2812085439	Indo-European Migrations to the West	One wave of migration took Indo- European speakers into Greece.	29
2812086776	Indo-European Migrations to the South	Later a wave of migration established an Indo- European presence in Iran and India.	30
2812087696	Climatic change	permanent change in weather conditions	31
2812088266	Early Sudanic Agricultural	After about 9000 B.C.E., peoples of Eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became Nomadic herders, while they continued to collect wild grains.	32
2812088267	The Nile river valley	Where most Egyptians live.	33
2812090496	Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley	Geography ensured that both Egypt and Nubia would come under influence of both sub- Saharan Africa and Eastern Mediterranean basin, since the Nile river links the 2 regions.	34
2812090911	Menes	united the kingdoms of lower and upper Egypt and created first Egyptian dynasty	35
2812092721	The Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom	The Archaic period (3100-2660 B.C.E.). The old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.).	36
2812093438	Relations between Nubia and Egypt	The fortunes of Egypt and Nubia remained closely intertwined.	37
2812094082	The middle Kingdom	From about 2050-1700 B.C.E., centralized government was restored in Egypt under the 11th and 12th dynasties. However, the period of stability ended when foreigners, known as the Hyksos, invaded the Nile Delta and conquered the Egyptian army.	38
2812095302	The New Kingdom	From about 1550-1100 B.C.E., under the 18th to 20th dynasties, the Egyptian pharaohs reasserted their power. Expanded into the Levant and Anatolia, and up the Nile River into Africa and across the Sinai peninsula. Dominated the eastern shoreline of the Mediterranean, and came into conflict there with the Hittites, who claimed the same territory.	39
2812095777	Egyptian Imperialism	Pharaohs of the New Kingdom	40
2812097557	Transportation	The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another.	41
2812097558	Education	A type of social institution. Provides a formal structure during childhood/transition into adulthood and an opportunity to instruct youth on the social norms, knowledge, skills, expectations needed.	42
2812098140	Meroitic writing	was a Nubian script that borrowed Egyptian Hieroglyphs	43
2812098648	Amon and Re	Principal Gods in Egypt	44
2812120324	Mumification	hepled preserve bodies because after life was the most important life	45
2812120904	Cult of Osiris	mythical god of underworld, associated with immortality and honored, believed that those with a pure heart gained eternal life, honored through a religious cult that observed high moral standards	46
2812121404	Religious Beliefs	specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true	47
2812828044	Yellow River	Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley.	48
2812833559	The Xia Dynasty	First (legendary) dynasty of China. From 21st century BCE to 16th century BCE	49
2812837148	Yangshao Society and Banpo Village	5000-3000 B.C.E Yangshao Society, had it own distinguish culture, political, and social traditions, was founded in the Middle of the Huang He River. Around 1952, near the Xi'an period (Neolithic period), it was founded, and was called Banpo Village.	50
2812842264	Bronze Metallurgy and Horse-Drawn Chariots	Horse drawn chariots and Bronze metallurgy reached china by 1200 B.C.E. even though the Xia probably had bronze tools before this. The horse drawn chariots were mainly only used by Shang warriors and kings.	51
2812860200	Political System	Shang's political system, relied on large corporations like the Xia. They as well had a broad network that allow kings to have authority, to the local rulers that controlled the local towns. Although they did associate with under clansmen such as metal-smiths,craftsman;etc. Which helped shaped the ruler's realm.	52
2812866599	The Shang Capital at Ao	One of Shang Dynasty earliest capital found by archeologists, was near what is modern times Zhengzhou, China. It city wall originally stand at 10 meters, with a base of 20 meters, which contain layers of earth soil, with wood on top and malleted in till it was rock hard.	53
2812869696	The Shang Capital at Yin	During the last two or three centuries of the Shang era, this city lasted as the capital. As well known for being the "Royal Palaces" during the time,which is near modern Anyang,China.	54
2812875010	Beyond the Yellow River Valley	Similar to the Xia and Shang dynasties past the yellow river were large rich cities like Sanxingdui (modern south western china).	55
2812876469	The Mandate of Heaven	The divine right to rule, and to restore china to a new dynasty.	56
2812877195	The rise of Zhou	During the late twelfth century BCE, Shang and Zhou ambitions ambitions had collaborated, which had triggered the rise of Zhou. As a result, many of Zhang's control has shifted to Zhou. After many unsuccessful bcs, Zhou forced his government upon the Zhang area during 1122 b.c.e ,which soon became 'Zhou'	57
2812878365	Shang Political Organization	Xia's organization, Shang rulers used large corps in political allies. Primarily replied on a network of walled towns and the usage of local rulers that recognized the Zhang kings authority. Which Shang's rulers talked with agricultural people in order to improve their influence and their realms.	58
2812879742	Weakening of the Zhou	Sub rulers began to become independent and stop obeying the Zhou dynasty. When invaders came, the dynasty didn't have enough support and the capital was taken over. The production of iron was increasing and the empire was unable to control the metal industry.	59
2812880681	Ruling Elites	The upper class rose by heredity from those allied with military warriors.	60
2812881619	Veneration Of Ancestors	Family ancestors could bring good or evil fortune to the living members of the family.	61
2812883994	Patriarchal Society	A social structure where a man is the head of the family and the community	62
2812885862	Oracle Bones	animal bone or shell carved with written characters that was used to predict the future in ancient China	63
2812886297	Zhou Literature	Book of Changes, Book of Rites, Book of History, and Book of Songs.	64
2812887965	The Book of Songs	Anthology of Chinese poetry from the Zhou period	65
2812889729	Destruction of Early Chinese Literature	In 221 B.C.E. the current emperor then destroyed all books that did not have some immediate utilitarian value.	66
2812890942	Steppe Nomads	The most notable of the Steppe Nomads are the mongols who are first mentioned in the 13th century. They dominated throughout Eurasia building vast empires, and built up fast trade networks.	67
2812901054	The State of Chu	A powerful state that emerged during the late Zhou in the central region of the Yangzi River; governed its affairs autonomously and challenged the Zhou for supremacy.	68
2812902766	Early Agriculture in Mesopotamia	Having the 'TE' (Tigris and Euphrates), the primarily focus on hunting and gathering, soon later on learned how to grow things. For which from there made their community bigger, eventually lead them to trade with neighboring cities.	69
2812903940	Ceremonial Centers	A large plaza in a city center, surrounded by temples and palaces, where religious rituals and other public ceremonies took place.	70
2812937508	Olmecs: The "Rubber People"	These people were named the 'Rubber People', because they were surrounded by rubber trees that inhabited the land. Which Olmec cultural traditions influenced all societies of this era.	71
2812938246	Olmec Society	A preclassic Mesoamerican people who developed a major civilization in southern Mexico about 1000 BC; these people are noteworthy for having carved giant stone heads from basaltic rock, and like the Easter Islanders, transported the heads over considerable distances to be erected at ceremonial centers.	72
2812941232	The Maya	Lived in the Yucatan Peninsula; major focus was religion; made an accurate calendar with 365 days; built large stone temples in the shape of pyramids; created their own system of hieroglyphics; civilization declined around 900 AD but no one knows why (although some still exist today).	73
2812943515	Trade Jade and Obsidian	Olmec produced/traded jade and obsidian with other civilizations in order to get in return weapons.	74
2815323473	Tikal	A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest	75
2815327336	Maya Warfare	The purpose of Maya Warfare was to capture enemies for slavery or human sacrifice.	76
2815329304	Maya decline	The Maya declined for various theories, One was the theory, is that there was increased warfare. Second theory was that cities grew,because of that, there was not enough food/land to support the population, which was leading to more warfare over crops. The third theory is that the kings demanded their people to build more temples and the people rebelled. The last theory is that there was an intense drought making it difficult to grow crops. Historians believe that a mixture of these theories led to their decline.	77
2815338106	Chichen Itza	A large pre-columbian city in Mesoamerica built by the Mayan Civilization	78
2815348030	The Maya Calender	Maya priests has created the most 'accurate' calendar that identify the cycles of time and had 365 days made using the agricultural cycle.	79
2815359000	The Maya Writing	Maya had created Hieroglyphs	80
2815363426	The Maya Religious	"Popol Vuh' was a myth that Maya created and taught that gods had created humans out of maize and water, Which were supposedly, made our human flesh and blood. Maya religious primarily focuses on agricultural in their society.	81
2815375849	Bloodletting Rituals	Mayan ritual of shedding human blood for sacrifice to prompt the gods to send rain water for crops	82
2815386551	The Maya Ball game	This was inherited from the Olmecs. The game sometimes pitted two men against each other, but it often involved teams o two to four members apiece. The object of the game was for players to score points by propelling a rubber ball through a ring or onto a marker without using their hands. The ball was made of rubber and was heavy and hard, making it easy for a player to get a concussion.	83
2815399627	The City of Teotihuacan	The largest agricultural village in 500 b.c.e , which expanded to 200 b.c.e . The city's most precious monuments, were the pyramids that represent the sun and the moon. This city was the home to about two hundreds thousands of civilians, which created a thriving city.	84
2815402447	The Society of Teotihuacan	Teotihuacan's had a vast majority of artisans and merchants. Residents would often join in extensive trade and exchange networks in order to receive goods. Around 500 b.c.e , the city did not really have a ground base for military use, but they do protect their resources. Using the authority has a backup for military purposes.	85
2815410452	Cultural Traditions	Each culture has certain times that reflect historical events. Ex: US celebrates July 4th Independence Day. Culture's beliefs, values, and norms are reflected in the language of its members. Ex: Western cultures word for youthfulness is fresh or springtime of life. Culture is influenced by the media and popular entertainments. Culture is not fixed but changes as its members change.	86
2815413355	Decline of Teotihuacan	Internal upheaval in 400s CE; Another upheaval in late 500CE (fire and destruction) uprising the rulers; periods of cooler weather and droughts and were generally difficult times for farming	87
2815414653	Early Agriculture in South America	8000-7000 BCE people of Mesoamerica-Central Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador-began to cultivate beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash and gourds. 4000 BCE they discovered maize, which became staple food for the region. Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 BCE and by 2000 BCE agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica. Early Mesoamericans ate rich cultivated food and didn't keep as many animals as the people in eastern hemisphere. Domesticated animals; turkey, and small barkless dogs for food.	88
2815415114	The Chavin Cult	A new religion that appeared during 1000 b.c.e to 800 b.c.e spread which is today Peru. No information made it up to today world, but theories tete that capacity of maize became a important crop and was present to be a promotion of fertility and abundant harvest.	89
2815416740	The Mochica State	One of Early Andean states, left a bequest that showed life of a society would most likely lost. Mochica had a base of a valley of the Moche River, which ruled over all the coasts and northern Peru, during 300-700 c,e. Many ceramics show forms of people head's and other present everyday life of the different social class.	90
2815420024	Early Cities	Cities of the ancient world—mostly based on agriculture and subsistence farming; basically the urban hearths of the world (i.e. Mesoamerica, Indus River Valley).	91
2815420923	Austronesian People	Originated from SE Asia, sophisticated maritime technology, double hulled canoes, agricultural expertise, arrived in New Guinea in 3000 BCE and established coastal settlements.	92
2815426538	The Lapita People	The earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Ocean.	93
2815574506	Political Organization	Zhou's rulers decide that a 'decentralized administration' would be best rather than a single center government. They believe entrusting power, authority, and responsibility to loyal friends or leader, As long they in return give allegiance, tribute, and military support. Continue to take over conqueror and rule them self as they pleased.	94
2815578148	Austronesian Migration to Polynesia	Located in an area called Oceana. These oceanic voyagers had settled every habitable piece in the pacific basin within about 2,500 years. Other austronesians had sailed west from Indonesia across the Indian Ocean to settle the Island of Madagascar off the coast of Eastern Africa	95
2815581170	Early Hunting and Gathering Societies in Australia	Hunting and gathering was commonly used as well like any ancient society, the Australians took seasonal migrations in search for food. They had used about 124 plants for use of medicines, a plant-based diet, and weapons.	96
2815650190	Early Agriculture in New Guinea	8000-7000 BCE people of Mesoamerica-Central Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador-began to cultivate beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash and gourds. 4000 BCE they discovered maize, which became staple food for the region. Agricultural villages appeared after 3000 BCE and by 2000 BCE agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica. Early Mesoamericans ate rich cultivated food and didn't keep as many animals as the people in eastern hemisphere. Domesticated animals; turkey, and small barkless dogs for food.	97
2818766609	Maya Decline	One theory is that there was increased warfare. The second was that theory is that as cities grew there was not enough food/land to support the population leading to more warfare over crops. A third theory is that the kings demanded their people to build more temples and the people rebelled. The fourth theory is that there was an intense drought making it difficult to grow crops. Historians believe that a mixture of these theories led to their decline.	98
2818771069	Hyko	Foreign peoples from the south.	99