AP world history chapter 4 Flashcards

4940103494	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
4940103495	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 BCE) conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of NW India.	1
4940103496	Aryans	Indo-Europeans pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
4940103497	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 BCE) who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully with tolerance.	3
4940103498	Athenian Democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which most of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	4
4940103499	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 BCE.	5
4940103500	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 BCE-14 CE)	6
4940103501	Cyrus the Great	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 BCE); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	7
4940103502	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 BCE) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	8
4940103503	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece in 490 BCE and 480 BCE in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	9
4940103504	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 CE)	10
4940103505	Han Dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206-220 BCE creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	11
4940103506	Hellenistic era	The period from 323-30 BCE in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdom ruled by Alexander's political successors.	12
4940103507	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history"; His histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 BCE.	13
4940103508	Hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman; the ability to afford a panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	14
4940103509	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greek and Persian empires.	15
4940103510	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	16
4940103511	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 BCE) that encompassed most of India.	17
4940103512	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honour of Zeus; founded in 776 BCE and celebrated every four years.	18
4940103513	Patricians	Wealthy, privleged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	19
4940103514	pax Romana	The "Roman peace" a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman empire, especially in the first and second centuries CE.	20
4940103515	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies) lasting from 431-404 BCE. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athen's Golden Age.	21
4940103516	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	22
4940103517	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 BCE.	23
4940103518	Plebeians	Poorer, less-privleged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	24
4940103519	Punic Wars	The major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 BCE, that culminated in Roman victory and control of the Western Mediterranean.	25
4940103520	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 BCE) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	26
4940103521	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor from Qin"; forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	27
4940103522	Solon	Athenian statesmen and lawmaker (594-560 BCE) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	28
4940103523	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 BCE) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	29
4940103524	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state	30
4940137117	these are simply city states, political systems that excercise coercive power	What exsactly is an empire?	31
4940162902	Empire	an group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.	32
4940253764	peoples, cultures, political, cultural	empires have generally encompassed a considerable variety of _______ and ______ within a single political system, and they have often been associated with __________ and _______ oppression.	33
4976681397	Persian empire	Constructed an imperial system that drew upon previous civilizations, like the Babylonian and Assyrian empire, but surpassed them all in size and spledour	34
4976718005	Persian empire	centered on an elaborate cult of kingship in which the monarch, secluded in royal magnificence, could be approached only through an elaborate ritual	35
4976756568	persian	__________ monarchs fully deserved their effusive title-"Great king, king of kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth, far and wide."	36
4940103525	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 BCE and helped cause the fall of the Han Dynasty.	37