AP World History: Chapter 21 Flashcards
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| 2577159645 | Trading Cities | - maintained order - strategic location - didn't have outrageous taxes | 0 | |
| 2577162928 | Melaka | Major trading port in the eastern Indian Ocean that has multiple cultural interactions with a population of 50,000 people | 1 | |
| 2577248462 | Marco Polo | - Venetian - 1253-1324 - Govenor to Khubilai Khan for 17 years in the city of Yangzhou | 2 | |
| 2577262559 | Pope Innocent IV | sent envoys to invite the Mongol khans to convert to Christianity and join Europeans in an alliance against the Muslims. The khans declined the invitation. | 3 | |
| 2577267306 | Rabban Sauma | a Nestorian Christian priest sent as an envoy by the Mongol ilkhan of Persiato the pope and European political leaders to defeat the Muslims but he was declined. | 4 | |
| 2577293698 | Ibn Battuta | - 1304-1369 - Became a qadi and enforced Islamic law at many courts throughout the world - Muslim | 5 | |
| 2577389042 | Sufi Missionaries | did not insist on a strict practice of Islam but emphasized piety and devotion to Allah | 6 | |
| 2577395707 | Christian Missionaries | - Accompanied crusaders - Baltic and Balkan= success - eastern Mediterranean= failure bc Crusaders did not hold land there | 7 | |
| 2577417031 | John of Montecorvino | - Roman Catholic missionary in China - Italian - Well-liked and worked hard to introduce Christian elements into society - Attracted few Asian peoples to Christianity. | 8 | |
| 2577431523 | Successful Christian Missions | Scandinavia, eastern Europe, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands that European armies recaptured from Muslims | 9 | |
| 2577434452 | Failed Christian Missions | East Asians bc they already had religions | 10 | |
| 2577441516 | Cultural Exchanges | - Crops (sugarcane from Muslims to the Europeans who staffed plantations with slaves) - Gunpowder (from China to Mongols who spread it west which ends the feudal system and created cannons that could destroy castle walls) | 11 | |
| 2577478253 | Spread of Bubonic Plauge | Spread from Yunnan region of China by Mongol travels on trade routes and into the Black Sea where fleeing Italian merchants spread it yet further | 12 | |
| 2577488464 | Bubonic Plauge | Causes inflamed lymph nodes and is wildly contagious. Also spreads through rodents. Popped up randomly everywhere and devastated the population. | 13 | |
| 2577503843 | Bubonic Plague Avoided | - Scandinavia and northern Europe bc its so cold - India - Subsaharan Africa bc it is so hot | 14 | |
| 2577516256 | Effects of Bubonic Plauge | - MAJOR population decline - Labor shortages - Civil unrest | 15 | |
| 2577537572 | Hongwu | - Came to power through military achievements - Established the Ming Dynasty - Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems - Highly centralized government - Expanded China's influence to Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Central and Southeast Asia - Reduced taxes - Reinstated Chinese values - Improved agriculture | 16 | |
| 2577547636 | Mandarins | Special class of powerful officials sent out by the government to check on local officials. | 17 | |
| 2577554983 | Eunuchs | Used them as advisors bc they wouldn't overthrow them | 18 | |
| 2577562570 | Yongle | - Wrote Yongle encyclopedia - Built Forbidden city - Oversees/ sponsors voyages (of Zheng He) | 19 | |
| 2577573089 | Humanists | Christians who believed you could participate in the workings of the world and still be a devout Catholic and centered on achievements of the individual rather than of the community - Civic humanism- using talents to improve society | 20 | |
| 2577586562 | Francesco Petrarch | defined humanism, said "the potential of the human mind is limitless" | 21 | |
| 2577588278 | Baldassare Castiglione- | wrote a newsletter called "The Courier" and in one article he wrote about "the Renaissance Man," a man of education and action who was well spoken and education (Leonardo Da Vinci was the perfect Renaissance Man) | 22 | |
| 2577589909 | Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" which was a guide on how to rule to a fictional prince he said "It is better for a prince to be feared than to be loved" and "a prince should use whatever means necessary to maintain control of his realm" (Legalism) | 23 | |
| 2577594085 | Desiderius Erasmus | - 1466-1536 - published "The Praise of Folly" and blames the pope he says if you have a bible and faith then you can be a true Christian | 24 | |
| 2577598590 | Sir Thomas More | - Contemporary of Desiderius Erasmus - Wrote Utopia about a perfect society based on reason, not the church or government | 25 | |
| 2577657512 | Chinese Voyages | Emperor Yongle organized the expeditions for two reasons... - to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China - to impress foreign peoples with the power and might that the Ming dynasty had restored to China. - 1405-1433 | 26 | |
| 2577649206 | Zheng He | - a Muslim from Yunnan in China who was a trusted advisor of Yongle. - took his fleet to southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and the coast of Africa - paid respect to the local deities and customs - used diplomacy usually and violence on occasion to impress forieners - brought gifts from many nations | 27 | |
| 2577650798 | End of the Voyages | - Confucians said the money being used for the expeditions should be used for agriculture - The Chinese army was needed to defend themselves from the Mongols | 28 | |
| 2577688797 | Results of the End of the Voyages | - imperial officials destroyed most of the nautical charts - returned to an isolationist policy in which foreign merchants could only trade at certain supervised markets | 29 | |
| 2577691519 | European Voyages | - the desire to expand Roman Catholic Christianity - the desire to profit from trade | 30 | |
| 2577652243 | Portuguese Exploration | The first ones after China bc... - They already had experience sailing from fishing - They had a large coastline - Prince Henry (the Navigator) encouraged | 31 | |
| 2577652244 | Bartolomeu Dias | sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean but turned around bc his crew was homesick | 32 | |
| 2577728059 | Vasco da Gama | Sailed to India and in 1498 he arrived at Calicut, and by 1499 he had returned to Lisbon with a cargo of pepper and spices. | 33 | |
| 2577655191 | Pedro Cabral | sailed west and claimed Brazil for Portugal | 34 | |
| 2577655205 | Christopher Columbus | - the Catholic Kings, Fernando and Isabel of Spain sponsored him - Reached the Bahamas - Never acknowledged that his expeditions had not reached Asia - Made many voyages | 35 | |
| 2582179557 | Reasons for Exploration | - Wealth - Fame and glory - Spread of faith - Curiosity | 36 | |
| 2582184014 | Technologies Used in Exploration | - Compass - Astrolabe - Deep draft ships - Lateen sails - Cannons | 37 | |
| 2582187435 | Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator | major patron of the explorers | 38 | |
| 2582192672 | Reconquista | Led by the Christian kingdom of Castile - captures the city of Toledo - convinces the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Aragon of Portugal to help | 39 | |
| 2582198401 | The Ming Dynasty | - Great Wall of China - Improved irrigation and agriculture bc of new crops - Population increase - Manufacturing increase | 40 | |
| 2582215597 | Causes of the Italian Renaissance | - Crusades (trade increased) - Rich Italian city-states - Patrons support the arts - Interactions with - Muslims bring back classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge - Increased desire for beauty and knowledge | 41 | |
| 2582222003 | Nicholas Copernicus | Heliocentric view of the universe | 42 | |
| 2582227889 | Galileo | Arrested for his views against the heliocentric universe | 43 | |
| 2582230329 | Patrons | people who commission artwork to be produced - The Medici Family of Florence - The Sforza Family of Milan - Queen Elizabeth I (to Shakespeare) | 44 | |
| 2582234468 | Renaissance Art | - perspective - perfect form of beauty | 45 | |
| 2582236994 | Michelangelo | - sculptor/ painter - David - Sistine Chapel | 46 | |
| 2582241804 | Causes of the Northern Renaissance | - Trade and the growth of cities - Many Italian artists flee the violence in the Peninsula to the north - Patrons spread the word of artists to their friends - Scholars go to the Italian Peninsula and return North | 47 | |
| 2582246338 | Most Important Invention | Johannes Gutenberg's printing press | 48 | |
| 2582250350 | Christine de Pisan | The City of Women | 49 | |
| 2582256903 | Art in the North | - People depicted as they really looked - More landscapes - Darker colors - Pictured with items in everyday scenes - Used religious symbolism but not actual pictures | 50 | |
| 2582260950 | Albrecht Durer | Used oils, fabrics, and wood | 51 | |
| 2582262464 | Hans Holbein | Used objects to characterize subjects in portraits | 52 |