AP World History Test 3A Flashcards

3032768699	Kushan Kingdom	Northern India- silk road "middleman" civilization	0
3032777252	Samarkand	Important trading city in the silk road (located in Uzbek) very wealthy center of trade and learning	1
3032779064	Bukhara	The capital of the Samanid Dynasty; trading city along silk road	2
3032781665	Parthian	Persian empire which facilitated trade between Han and Rome	3
3032785347	post-Classical	Time period in African history after ancient Egyptians/Nubians	4
3032795722	Sahel	a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara	5
3032796718	Cultural Differentiation	differences between cultures that make one group distinguishable from another	6
3032800659	Cultural Diffusion	The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one society to another	7
3032804891	Bantu	A common group of people that slowly migrated from Nigeria and Cameroon starting around 3000 BCE to most of the rest of Africa by 1000 BCE	8
3053817634	Muhammad	Prophet founder of Islam who spread the message of God	9
3053824541	Allah	God in Arabic	10
3053827027	Shari'a	the code of law derived from the Koran and the teachings of Muhammed	11
3053833843	Five Pillars of Islam	the basic acts forming foundation of Islam, considered mandatory by believers to reach reward in afterlife (heaven)	12
3053850160	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion	13
3053858074	Hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, one of Five Pillars of Islam	14
3053862526	Kaaba	A black box building in center of Mecca- most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine	15
3053871487	Hijrah	Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina	16
3053944751	Technology, Valuables, Middlemen, Cultural Impact	Four characteristics of trade routes	17
3053949860	Sterup, Saddle, Yoke	Silk road technology	18
3053952729	Chariots, Silk, Ivory, Gold	Silk road valubles	19
3053957863	Sogdians	Central asian middlemen civilization who maintained stability and access of the silk road around 300-600 ce	20
3053980738	Spread of Religion	Cultural Impact of silk road	21
3053985210	Camel Domestication and Saddle	Technology of trans-saharan trade	22
3053990865	Gold, Salt	Valuables of trans-saharan trade	23
3053997263	Ghana, Mali, Songhai	Middlemen civilizations of trans-saharan trade	24
3054005976	Sahel Kingdoms	collective name for Ghana, Mali, Songhai	25
3054007794	Islam	Cultural impact of trans-saharan trade	26
3054013109	Swahili	Trade language of east Africa which is combination of Persian, Indian, Indonesian, Arabic, and Bantu	27
3054025982	Bananas, Yams, Iron, Gold	Valuables of Sahel trade network	28
3054034123	Revelation	Name for teachings of God which Muhammad received in 613	29
3054038122	Charity	Pillar of Islam- donate to poor	30
3054040741	Fasting	Pillar of Islam- do not eat or drink during daylight hours of Ramadan	31
3054050183	Pray	Pillar of Islam- standard is to do this five times per day	32
3054053988	Faith	Pillar of Islam- belief in the one true Allah	33
3054060058	Jerusalem	City where Muhammad ascended to heaven	34
3062516288	Dome of the Rock	Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock	35
3062528805	Medina	trade city where Muhammad fled to and spread Islam	36
3062539885	Mosque	A Muslim place of worship	37
3062542337	Rightly Guided Caliphs	The first four Caliphs are collectively known as	38
3062549530	Caliphs	Blood-line successors of Muhammad who ruled Islamic world	39
3062555279	Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali	The first four Caliphs	40
3062560888	Umayyads	A family of power that disagreed with blood-line of Muhammad as rulers of Muslim world. Took over from Ali and ruled with Jihad	41
3062570749	Mu'awiyah	Umayyad who waged war against Ali and first non blood relative of Muhammad to rule Islamic world	42
3062582557	Shia (Shiites)	Branch of Islam which believes Islam should be ruled by direct descendants of Muhammad	43
3062590195	Sunni	Branch of Islam which believes Islam can be ruled by any worthy Muslim	44
3062597301	Temple Mound	Sacred Jewish site which was elevated above Jerusalem at current location of Dome of the Rock	45
3071536124	Caravanserai	Hostels invented by Abbasids which merchants in trans-saharan trade could stay in	46
3071551485	Astrolabe	An Abbasid-invented navigational tool	47
3071560856	Dhow	Abbasid invented hardy ocean capable ship with triangular (lateen) sails	48
3071572327	Credit	An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future- invented by Abbasids	49
3071574654	Check	A paper representation of financial credit- invented by Abbasids	50
3071584783	Madrasas	Former zoroastrian schools which Abbasids built across empire and used to teach Islam	51
3071590911	Sufism	Branch of Islam with no leadership; very personal	52
3071609190	Baghdad	Place where Islamic Capital was moved to satisfy persians; became a major center of learning and trade	53
3071615969	Abbasid	"Golden" Islamic Empire which spread Islam through trade and synthesis	54
3071623506	Husayn	Ali's son who was killed while challenging the Umayyads	55
3071638368	Arabian Nights	Abbasid literature piece which is compilation of tales	56
3071651623	Andalusian Kingdom	Spain under the Abbasid Caliphate; an example of diversity	57
3071660515	Cordoba, Seville, Toledo	Cities of the Andalusian Kingdom	58
3071671202	Jinns	Benevolent desert spirits which Muhammad declared Muslim angels	59
3071680429	Shaitans	Evil desert spirits which Muhammad declared Muslim devil	60
3124631650	Timbuktu	Mali city that became a center of wealth and learning- part of trans-Saharan trade	61
3124637834	Kilwa	Important Swahili East African coast city for trade	62
3124641772	Melaka	first major Muslim city in Southeast Asia; on Malay Peninsula	63
3124649205	Turkic	people from Central Asia and their language	64
3124654427	Muslim Agricultural Revolution	Period of agricultural innovations attributed to Islam	65
3124685318	Hadith	Secondary accounts of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, used to supplement the revelations contained in the Qur'an.	66
3124696730	Artificial Fertilizer, Hybridization, Irrigation Systems (qanat, shad'uf, noria)	Innovations of Muslim Agricultural Revolution	67
3124699637	Qanat System	an Islamic invented system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	68
3124746519	Women's Rights, Philosophy, Math, Science	Evidence that Islam was more progressive than other societies	69
3124762495	Algebra, Arabic Numerals, Zero	Islamic math contributions	70
3124772478	Tolerant, Trade, Inventions, Literature, Diversity	Evidence of Abbasid empire as golden age	71
3124779288	Byzantine	Eastern roman empire which lasted a long time but wasn't influential for very long	72
3124783429	Justinian	Early Byzantine Emperor from 527-565 who promoted Eastern Orthodox and created a law code	73
3124797045	Great Schism (1054)	First split in Christianity as a result of tension between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox	74
3124803465	Nika Riots	One of 6 rebellions under Justinian which was catalyzed by chariot races	75
3124810584	High Taxes	Main problem which sparked rebellion in Byzantine Empire	76
3124812280	Hagia Sophia	Massive church built by Justinian in Constantinople- now a massive Mosque	77
3124816227	Justinian Code	The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	78
3137800586	Treaty of Verdun	Agreement between Charlemagne's three sons which split Carolingian Empire into 3 pieces	79
3137812130	France, Burgunely, Holy Roman Empire	Three pieces of Carlingian Empire by Treaty of Verdun	80
3137818684	Medieval Period	Disorganized time in Europe from 476 (Fall of Rome) to 1450 (Height of Renaissance)	81
3137826573	Clovis	Germanic tribesman who tried to unite Europe with Christianity- descendants known as Carolingians	82
3137834195	Charles Martel (719-741)	Carolingian leader who fended off Islamic warriors from Spain (Andalusia)	83
3137841642	Battle of Tours	Battle where Charles Martel stopped the Islamic advance at the Pyrenees mountains north of Spain preserving European Christianity	84
3137846207	Pepin the Short (741-768)	Charles Martel's son and Charlemagne's father- first "Holy" "Roman" "Emperor" for sending first ever Papal guard to Rome	85
3137856706	Charlemagne (768-814)	"Great" Carolingian leader who united Europe under Christianity for good- used brutal force	86
3137863933	Louis the Pious (814-840)	Carolingian leader after Charlemagne who was very religious but not the best leader	87
3137875213	Carolingian Dynasty	A series of Frankish rulers from the Carolingian Family including Pepin and Charlemagne ruling in Gaul	88
3137884843	Feudalism	System where king distributes land among lords who rule and protect their territory paying taxes to the king	89
3137900025	Not Widespread, Little Strategic Land Distribution Militarily, Inter-lord Fighting	Problems with Feudalism	90
3137913628	Renaissance	Rebirth of ideas and humanity and Europe; ended Middle Ages	91
3146274826	Three field crop rotation	Islamic inspired, European invented agricultural innovation of 12th century which helped preserve soil quality	92
3146292610	King John	King of England who was pressured by nobles to sign Magna Carta	93
3146302172	Magna Carta	Gave rights, privileges, and power to landed nobles in england	94
3146338303	Landed Nobility (gentry)	a social level slightly lower than full elites who were considered important because they owned lots of land	95
3146350462	Shad'uf, Noria	Two names for Islamic invented irrigation system involving a big waterwheel with buckets	96
3146372436	Waterwheel, windmill, metallurgy	Chinese agricultural inventions which spread to Europe during 12th century	97
3146379802	Population soared, urbanization	Two major demographic changes of 12th century Europe	98
3146387521	Manorialism	The economic base of feudalism; peasants worked farms and gave portion of crop to lords who in turn provided protection	99
3146401305	Fief	An estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe	100
3146408591	Manor	A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.	101
3146411153	Vassal	A person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services	102
3146420119	Tithe	A church tax, which was usually 10% of one's income	103
3146423736	Serf	A peasant who lived on and farmed a lord's land in feudal times	104
3146436993	Burghers	merchant-class commoners who came to power due to trade in Italian city states	105
3154574922	Holy Land	Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught	106
3154577376	Crusade of Kings	3rd Crusade; led by king Richard, Frederic Barbossa, Phillip Agustus but only Richard made it to Holy Land and; ended with a peace treaty	107
3154606643	Saladin	Noble and powerful Islamic leader who fought with King Richard during 3rd Crusade; made peace treaty	108
3154624109	King Richard	English leader who signed peace treaty to end Crusade of Kings and allowing Christians to visit holy land	109
3154628611	Frederick Barbarossa	German king who drowned in a river during Crusade of Kings thereby ending German participation	110
3154639118	Philip Augustus	French leader during Crusade of Kings	111
3154647156	Children's Crusade	Thousands of young people decided to march from Europe to Holy Land but were lost at sea, many to piracy	112
3154660891	Hanseatic League (Hansa)	Trade organization of Northern Europe which linked and united city states with protection from vikings and no tariffs	113
3154667650	Utrecht, London	Two powerful city-states of Hansa	114
3154680192	Venice, Florence, Genoa	Italian city states which became wealthy and powerful because of Crusade trade; heartland of Renaissance	115
3154689792	Inquisition	Board of church officials which acted as "judicial branch" of Catholic government	116
3154706430	Heresy	An act contrary to church belief; politically punashable sin	117
3154712825	Indulgence	Tax paid to church after comitting heresy	118
3154718833	Excommunication	Banishment from the Church and therefore society; extreme punishment for heresy	119
3154733038	Trade, Ideas, Technology	Beneficial impact of Crusades on Europe	120
3161269668	Black Plague	Epidemic that broke out in Europe around year 1347, killing a third of the population; brought in by Crusades	121
3161273397	Eric the Red	Viking who discovered Iceland and Greenalnd seeking an alternate route to Miklagard	122
3161285203	Miklagard	Viking name for Constantinople; their main trade partner	123
3161293784	Slavic	European ethnic group which first occupied russia	124
3161297444	Vikings, Mongols	Outside peoples who shaped Russian civilization	125
3161302527	Leif Ericson	Viking who discovered north america	126
3161303828	Little Ice Age	Reason the vikings stopped exploring	127
3161305571	Rurik	Viking explorer of central European rivers who seeked shortcut to Miklagard	128
3161311156	Kiev	First Russian city which formed due to Viking trade with Constantinople	129
3161315023	Vladimir	First non-viking ruler of Russia who used Orthodoxy to unite	130
3161317691	Novgorod	City Russians retreated to when Mongols attacked; became extremely wealthy as Hanseatic middlemen cty between London and Constantinople	131
3161436906	Synthesis	Technique used to spread religion where ideas are altered slightly and combined with existing beliefs in the area	132
3163793284	Crisis, Infrastructure, Patron	What a religion needs to spread	133
3163813459	Monsoons	Seasonal winds which Indian Ocean traders used for reliable, speedy transport	134
3163827639	Rudder, Fore and Aft Rigging, Lateen Sail	Technology of Indian Ocean Trade	135
3163850310	Population Boom	Impact of bananas and iron in Africa	136
3163857405	Jihad	"Holy war", spread islam through conquest like Umayyad	137