AP World History Chapter 18 Flashcards

5882012351	Ivan III (the Great)	Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.	0
5882012890	Third Rome	Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.	1
5882013340	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	2
5882013942	Boyars	The Russian nobles.	3
5882017176	Cossacks	Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.	4
5882018189	Time of Troubles	Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	5
5882019030	Romanov dynasty	Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.	6
5882019884	Alexis Romanov	Second ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church.	7
5882020619	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.	8
5882021454	Peter I (the Great)	Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models	9
5882022970	St. Petersburg	Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.	10
5882023361	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.	11
5882024639	Partition of Poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state.	12
5882025437	Obrok	Labor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century.	13
5882026696	Pugachev rebellion	Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.	14
5882027820	Westernization	Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.	15
5882028408	Serfdom	Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.	16