AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 6279580169 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. |  | 0 |
| 6279580170 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 1 | |
| 6279580171 | Triangular Trade | Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies. |  | 2 |
| 6279580172 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 3 | |
| 6279580173 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 4 | |
| 6279580175 | Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 5 | |
| 6279580176 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 6 | |
| 6279580179 | Sikhism | A monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. It is not a part of Islam or Hinduism. | 7 | |
| 6279580183 | The Medici | The Medici family was a family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them. | 8 | |
| 6279580184 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 9 | |
| 6279580185 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 10 | |
| 6279580186 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. | 11 | |
| 6279580187 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation | 12 | |
| 6279580189 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 13 | |
| 6279580190 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 14 | |
| 6279580192 | Copernicus | Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. | 15 | |
| 6279580194 | Newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science | 16 | |
| 6279580195 | Galileo | He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. | 17 | |
| 6279580197 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 18 | |
| 6279580198 | Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 19 | |
| 6279580200 | Vasco da Gama | the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. | 20 | |
| 6279580201 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 21 | |
| 6279580205 | Plantation Economy | This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export. | 22 | |
| 6279580207 | Encomienda System | Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor | 23 | |
| 6279580210 | Devshirme | Christian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities. | 24 | |
| 6279580211 | Jannisaries | a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard | 25 | |
| 6279580214 | Peninulares | a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies | 26 | |
| 6279580215 | Creoles | a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean or born in the New World from European parents | 27 | |
| 6279580216 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European(Spanish) ancestry | 28 | |
| 6279580217 | Mulattos | Persons of mixed European(Portuguese) and African ancestry | 29 | |
| 6279580226 | Potosi | a city in S Bolivia: formerly a rich silver-mining center | 30 | |
| 6279580228 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 31 | |
| 6279580237 | Manchus | a plateau of central Spain, between the mountains of Toledo and the hills of Cuenca | 32 | |
| 6279580238 | Ottomans (Suleiman) | Gun powder empire; Was the creation of Turkic warrior groups; the Islamic state was founded by Osman in Northwest Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire the ottoman empire was based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the middle east, North Africa and Balkans with eastern Europe. Then fell after world war I. | 33 | |
| 6279580239 | Safavids (Abbas) | Gun powder empire | 34 | |
| 6279580240 | Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb) | Gunpowder empire | 35 | |
| 6279580243 | Aztecs | a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century | 36 | |
| 6279580244 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 37 | |
| 6279580245 | Ming-Dynasty - China | The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. | 38 | |
| 6279580247 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 39 | |
| 6279580253 | Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition | 40 | |
| 6279580254 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 41 | |
| 6279659888 | Yasak | 1450-1750 : Also known as a tribute paid in cash or in kind that Russian rulers demanded from the Native peoples of Siberia mainly for pelts | 42 | |
| 6279661230 | Safavid Empire | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. Disputed with Ottoman Dynasty frequently because of Sunni-Shia split. | 43 | |
| 6279663079 | Akbar | Mugal Empire's most famous emperor, marring several of their princesses but he did not require them to convert to Islam. He clearly recognized this fundamental reality and acted deliberately to accommodate the Hindu majority. He reigned in the second half of the 1500's (1556-1605). He is also a descendant of Timur. He consolidated power over Northern India and is religiously tolerant. He was the Patron of Arts including large mural paintings. | 44 | |
| 6279665066 | Tokugawa Shogunate | founded in 1603 when Tokugawa Ieyasu was made shogun by Japanese emperor; ended the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan | 45 | |
| 6279666588 | "Soft Gold" | fur was this because it was so valuable | 46 | |
| 6279669163 | Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-14th to mid-15th century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early 15th to early 17th century. | 47 | |
| 6279669164 | Secular | Denoting attitudes, activities or other things that have no religious basis | 48 | |
| 6279674842 | Johann Gutenberg | In the year 1439, this German man put in a line, letters that made words that could be covered in ink, then pressed down to make a clink, This was a triumph for the world around, The printing press made new books, ready to bound | 49 | |
| 6279678219 | Leonardo de Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist, as a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 50 | |
| 6279678220 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 51 | |
| 6279678232 | Tsar | From Latin for caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III | 52 | |
| 6279680438 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories, Eliminated by Akbar during his reign, but reinstated by other rulers. | 53 | |
| 6279682028 | Suleiman 1 | ruled during the pinnacle of Turkish power and almost succeeded in driving into the heart of the Christian Empire | 54 | |
| 6279682029 | Sultans | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire); true leaders of dar al-Islam, set up a puppet state | 55 | |
| 6279689257 | "God, Glory, Gold" | Gold: the quest for riches God: militent conversion of the natives Glory: competing monarchies | 56 | |
| 6279691020 | Prince Henry | He embarked on an ambitious campaign to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence in the seas. in 1415 he watched as portuguese forces seized the moroccan city of Ceuta, which guarded the strait of gibraltar from the south. He regarded his victory both as a blow against Islam and as a strategic move to enable Christian vessels to move freely between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic | 57 | |
| 6279694973 | Qing Dynasty | the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the China dynasty was ruled by the Manchu | 58 | |
| 6279694974 | Astrolable | A new technology that helped sailors better know their location in Indian Ocean trade | 59 | |
| 6279697214 | Colonies | 1450-1750 : In which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rater than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the religion. Particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America | 60 | |
| 6279698858 | Great Dying | 1450-1750 : The massive epidemic caused by old world diseases after Columbian exchange. It killed ninety percent of natives..Long isolation from the afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria and yellow fever | 61 | |
| 6279708657 | Puritans | English religious reformers, who undertook a total purification of English Christianity, came mostly from the commercially depressed woolen districts (wanted to see the Church of England be de-catholicized) | 62 | |
| 6279708658 | Voltaire | French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment | 63 | |
| 6279722851 | Jean- Jacques Rousseau | French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | 64 | |
| 6279725566 | Atlantic Slave Trade | The trade of human beings taken from Africa and transported to Europe, the Caribbean and primarily the Americas./This practice forever changed the societies of all its participants. | 65 | |
| 6279727103 | Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 66 | |
| 6279727141 | Cash Crops | a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco) | 67 | |
| 6279733508 | Iroquois League 5 Nations | The Iroquois League was a loose alliance among the five Iroquois nations that settled their differences and established a council of clan leaders which settled disputes./The Iroquois League coordinated their peoples' relationship with the Europeans who arrived after 1500. | 68 | |
| 6279733509 | Quipu | knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records. helped to make up for lack of writing | 69 | |
| 6279735726 | Mita System | Mandatory public service in the Incan empire | 70 | |
| 6279735727 | Pochteca | Traveling merchants in Aztec empire | 71 | |
| 6279740883 | Tenochtitlan | Capital city of Aztecs | 72 | |
| 6279740884 | Cuzco | Capital of Incan empire | 73 | |
| 6279744763 | Macchu Picchu | Famous fortress city high in the Andes Mountains (provides us with great examples of Inca building skills). The ruins of the city were rediscovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham | 74 | |
| 6279746493 | Chinampas | Aztec agriculture with crops grown in lake beds | 75 | |
| 6279749468 | Incan Road System | system of runners 14,000 mile long network of bridges and roads tambos=way stations good for communication, trade, and moving troops | 76 | |
| 6279772281 | Aurangzeb | A strain of Muslim thinking found a champion in the emperor who reversed Akbar's policy of accommodation and sought to impose Islamic supremacy. He was one of the Mughal emperors in India and was also the great grandson of Akbar " The Great". Under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death. | 77 | |
| 6280212984 | British East India Co. | This company was given a charter by the English government giving them a trade monopoly and the right to wage war and govern conquered people./Due to their military might, the British and Dutch were able to overtake the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trade arena. | 78 | |
| 6280221143 | Dutch East India Co. | This company was given a charter by the Dutch government giving them a trade monopoly and the right to wage war and govern conquered people./As part of these efforts, the Dutch used force to gain a monopoly on some spices by seizing control of some spice producing islands and replacing the native populations with Dutch settlers. | 79 |