AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

957415472	Dynasty	A sequence of rulers from the same family	0
957415473	Mandate of Heaven	The directive that was supposedly enforced by the gods that let Chinese rulers rule	1
957415474	Bureaucracy	The body of officials and administrators of a government	2
957415475	Civil Service Exam	An exam that was required in order to enter the Chinese bureaucracy during the Han Dynasty - established by Wu Ti	3
957415476	Period of Warring States	A period in Chinese history where there was no political unity, but instead immense political turmoil	4
957415477	Confucianism	Founded by Confucius, it emphasized filial piety, or respect to elders, as well as the five basic relationships	5
957415478	Daoism	Created by Lao-Tze, it stressed a life of nature and simplicity in order to achieve harmony with the Dao	6
957415479	Legalism	Founded by Han Feizi, it stressed reward for good behavior and punishment for bad behavior; believed powerful and efficient rule is key to restoring order	7
957415480	Shi Huangdi	The first Qin emperor, who emerged victorious out of the Period of Warring States and unified China	8
957415481	Wu Ti	The most famous Han emperor, brought peace and expanded China, and established the Civil Service Exam	9
957415482	Indo-Europeans (Aryans)	Invaders who conquered and settled in the Indus Valley, starting Indian civlilization	10
957415483	The Vedas	The sacred books written by the Aryans that laid the foundations for Hinduism	11
957415484	Chandragupta Maurya	First Mauryan ruler, unified northern India and expanded its territory	12
957415485	Ashoka	Chandragupta's grandson that was a major figure in Indian history that also promoted Buddhism	13
957415486	Buddhism	Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, it stresses ending desire in order to reach Nirvana, or the ultimate reality	14
957415487	Hinduism	The religion of India's majority that developed over many centuries and supported the caste system and was polytheistic	15
957415488	Sanskrit	The first literary language of India, created by the Aryans	16
957415489	Caste System	The Indian social system used by Hindus that ranked every person into one of five varnas	17
957415490	Minoans	Early civilization on the island of Crete that controlled most of Greece around 1600 BCE	18
957415491	Mycenaeans	Successors to the Minoans who controlled a great trade network during the Late Bronze Age	19
957415492	Phoenicians	A seafaring group from the Eastern Mediterranean who ended the Greek Dark age	20
957415493	Polis	The Greek city-state	21
957415494	Monarchy	A form of government headed by a single ruler where rule was hereditary	22
957415495	Oligarchy	A form of government where there is rule by few	23
957415496	Aristocracy	A form of government where there is rule by leading families	24
957415497	Democracy	A form of government where there is rule by popular vote	25
957415498	Tyranny	A form of government headed by military leaders who won pupular support against the aristocracy	26
957415499	Helots	Spartan servants who were servants to the polis of Sparta as a whole - no single master	27
957415500	Hoplites	Greek farmer/soldiers who served as heavily armored infantrymen in battle	28
957415501	Secularism/Natural Law	Emphasis on the affairs of this world; the belief that forces in nature cause events to happen	29
957415502	Greek Philosophy	The "love of wisdom" that the Greeks had, and they mainly investigated the physical world, but later on focused on ethical questions	30
957415503	Delian League	A Greek alliance formed by Athens to fight with Sparta	31
957415504	Peloponnesian War	A highly destructive war between Athens & their allies and Sparta & their allies	32
957415505	Greek-Persian War	A violent clash between Greece and Persia during the 500's BCE	33
957415506	Satraps	Persian representatives sent by the Persian king ot supervise his subjects in conquered areas	34
957415507	Alexander the Great	The son of the king of Macedon who conquered most of the known world at the timeand established one of the largest empires ever	35
957415508	Hellenism/Hellenistic Age	Greek culture that combined with other cultures throughout northwestern Africa and Western Asia	36
957415509	Patricians	Roman aristocrats who served as Senators and passed their positions down to their sons; held most of the power in the Roman Republic	37
957415510	Plebians	Roman commoners who made up 90% of the general population; represented by the General Assembly in the Roman Republic	38
957415511	Julius Caesar	A Roman general who invaded and took over Rome, ending the Republic and declaring himslef dictator	39
957415512	Augustus Caesar	Formerly Octavian, he was the first emperor of Rome	40
957415513	Law of the Twelve Tables	The codified Roman Law created by Augustus Caesar	41
957415514	Pax Romana	The "Roman Peace", a time of period when Rome had its greatest prosperity	42
957415515	Equites	A class of Italian merchants and landowners who helped run the Roman Empire	43
957415516	Punic Wars	Wars between Rome and Carthage, eventually won by Rome and increased their power	44
957415517	Republic	A state without a monarch	45
957415518	The Silk Road	A network of trade routes that spread goods and ideas	46
957415519	The Huns	Asiatic invaders who conquered several major empires in the Classical Period	47
957415520	"Barbarian"	Any foreign peoples, according to most Classical civilizations	48
957415521	44 BCE	The assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March	49
957415522	22 BCE	Beginning of the Roman Empire established by Augustus Caesar, who defeated Marc Antony	50
957415523	476 CE	The fall of the Roman Empire, with the final blow delivered by nomadic tribes	51
957415524	Yellow Turbans	Daoist leaders who led the revolt against the Han dynasty in 184 CE; attacked the weakness of the emperor and the bureaucracy	52
957415525	Diocletian	A strong Roman emperor who split the empire in two and temporarily stopped Rome's decline	53
957415526	Constaninople	A second Roman capital city established by Constantine, it became a trade hub	54
957462830	Silk Road - Description	Overland from western China to the Mediterranean	55
957462831	Silk Road - What Traded	From the west - horses, alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts From the east - Silk, peaches, apricots, spices, pottery, paper	56
957462832	Silk Road - Who Participated	Chinese, Indians, central Asians, Romans, central Asian nomads	57
957462833	Silk Road - Cultural Diffusion	Chariot warfare, horse stirrup, music, diversity of populations, Buddhism & Christianity, wealth & prosperity (esp. central Asian nomads)	58
957462834	Indian Ocean Trade - Description	Maritime from Canton in China to southeast Asia, India, east Africa, and the Middle East	59
957462835	Indian Ocean Trade - What Traded	Pigments, pearls, spices, bananas, and other tropical fruits	60
957462836	Indian Ocean Trade - Who Participated	Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arabs, coastal East Africans	61
957462837	Indian Ocean Trade - Cultural Diffusion	Lateen sail permitted sailing far from coast; trading with mixture of cultures; ties to homeland diminish	62
957462838	Saharan Trade - Description	Overland camel caravans from western Africa south of Sahara to the the Mediterranean; Cairo most important destination	63
957462839	Saharan Trade - What Traded	Salt from Sahara to the south and west; Gold from western africa; wheat and olives from Italy; Roman manufactured goods to western Africa	64
957462840	Saharan Trade - Who Participated	Western Africans, people of the Mediterranean, berbers (most important agent of change)	65
957462841	Saharan Trade - Cultural Diffusion	Camel saddle allowed domestication and use of the camel for trade	66
957462842	Sub-Saharan Trade - Description	Connected Africans south and east of the Sahara to each other; connected in the east to other trade routes	67
957462843	Sub-Saharan Trade - What Traded	Agricultural products, iron weapons	68
957462844	Sub-Saharan Trade - Who Participated	Diverse peoples in sub-Saharan Africa	69
957462845	Sub-Saharan Trade - Cultural Diffusion	Bantu language, common African cultural elements	70
960135425	Hinduism - Sacred Writings	Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas	71
960135426	Hinduism - Principal Deities	Brahman, Vishnu, Shiva	72
960135427	Hinduism - Principal Beliefs	Oneness with universe attained through reincarnation	73
960135428	Buddhism - Sacred Writings	Pali Canon, Mahayana Sutra	74
960135429	Buddhism - Principal Beliefs	Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Reincarnation	75
960135430	Buddhism - Types	Theravada - Buddha is teacher; Mahayana - Buddha is god	76
960135431	Daoism - Founder	Laozi	77
960135432	Daoism - Sacred Writings	Daodejing	78
960135433	Daoism - Principal Beliefs	Harmony found in the way of nature	79
960135434	Judaism - Sacred Writings	Torah	80
960135435	Judaism - Principal Beliefs	One all-powerful God. History unfolds as God's plan.	81
960135436	Christianity - Sacred Writings	The Bible; New Testament	82
960135437	Christianity - Principal Beliefs	Salvation through faith in God's son Jesus	83