AP Human Geo Language Flashcards

4082068151	language	set of sounds (combinations) to communicate	0
4082068152	culture	the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.	1
4082068153	mutual intelligibility	relationship between languages or dialects	2
4082069077	standard language	language published and taught	3
4082069429	dialects	variant of standard language by ethnicity or region	4
4082069430	dialect chains	dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas	5
4082069431	isogloss	geo boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	6
4082069937	language families	group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor	7
4082069938	subfamilies	subdivision of a group	8
4082069939	sound shift	slight changes in a word across languages overtime	9
4082070669	Proto-Indo-European	modern Indo-European languages descended from a single tongue	10
4082070670	backward reconstruction	The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language	11
4082071029	extinct language	Language without any native speakers	12
4082071030	deep reconstruction	Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language	13
4082071394	Nostratic	Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family	14
4082071395	language divergence	new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language	15
4082071977	language convergence	collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages	16
4082071978	renfrew hypothesis	three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India	17
4082072458	conquest theory	how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues	18
4082072459	dispersal hypothesis	the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans	19
4082072949	Romance languages	Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed	20
4082072950	Germanic languages	(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	21
4082072951	Slavic Languages	Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago	22
4082074032	lingua franca	Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce	23
4082074033	pidgin language	When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary	24
4082074926	Creole language	A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue	25
4082074927	monolingual states	Countries in which only one language is spoken	26
4082075560	multilingual states	Countries in which more than one language is spoken	27
4082075561	official language	language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion	28
4082075562	global language	The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade	29
4082075976	place	The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location	30
4082077798	toponym	Place name	31