AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

5733438970	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
5733438971	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
5733438973	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	2
5733438974	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	3
5733438975	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	4
5733438976	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	5
5733438977	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	6
5733438978	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	7
5733438979	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	8
5733438981	Jihad	Islamic holy war	9
5733438982	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	10
5733438983	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	11
5733438986	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	12
5733438989	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	13
5733438991	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	14
5733438993	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	15
5733438994	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	16
5733438995	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	17
5733438997	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	18
5733439000	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	19
5733439002	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	20
5733439003	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	21
5733439004	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	22
5733439006	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	23
5733439007	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	24
5733439008	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	25
5733439009	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	26
5733439011	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	27
5733439012	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	28
5733439014	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	29
5733439015	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	30
5733439017	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	31
5733439018	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	32
5733439019	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	33
5733439020	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	34
5733439021	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	35
5733439022	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	36
5733439023	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	37
5733439024	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	38
5733439025	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	39
5733439026	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	40
5733439027	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	41
5733439028	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	42
5733439029	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	43
5733439030	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	44
5733439031	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	45
5733439032	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	46
5733439033	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	47
5733439034	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	48
5733439035	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	49
5733439036	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	50
5733439038	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	51
5733439039	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	52
5733439040	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	53
5733439041	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	54
5733439047	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	55
5733439048	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	56
5733439049	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	57
5733439050	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	58
5733439053	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	59
5733439054	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	60
5733439058	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	61
5733439059	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	62
5733439060	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	63
5733439066	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	64
5733439068	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	65
5733439072	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	66
5733439074	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	67
5733439075	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	68
5733439078	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	69
5733439079	Silk Road Trade system		70
5733439081	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	71
5733439083	Champa Rice	led to population increase	72
5733439085	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	73
5733439086	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	74
5733439087	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	75
5733439089	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		76
5733439091	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	77
5733439093	Bantu Migrations		78
5733439094	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	79
5733439095	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	80