Period 6 - AP World History Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present

4408015919	Western Front	war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants	0
4408015920	Eastern Front	war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought	1
4408015921	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I	2
4408015922	Nicholas II	Russian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 1918	3
4408015924	Italian Front	war line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare	4
4408015925	Armenian genocide	launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives	5
4408015926	Submarine warfare	a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war	6
4408015927	Armistice	November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities	7
4408015928	Georges Clemenceau	French premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans	8
4408015929	David Lloyd George	British prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson	9
4408015930	Woodrow Wilson	American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations	10
4408015931	Treaty of Versailles	ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories	11
4408015932	League of Nations	international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined	12
4408015933	Indian National Congress	political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence	13
4408015937	M. K. Gandhi	Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence	14
4408015938	Satyagraha	"truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule	15
4408015942	Mandates	governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers	16
4408015943	Balfour Declaration	1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine	17
4408015944	Zionism	European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine	18
4408015948	W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey	African American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalism	19
4408015949	Negritude	literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements	20
4408015950	Kellogg-Briand Pact	1928; a multnation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war	21
4408015951	Cubist movement	headed by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes	22
4408015952	Fascism	political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs	23
4408015954	Mexican Revolution	1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections	24
4408015957	Mexican Constitution of 1917	promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented	25
4408015959	Corridos	popular ballads written to celebrate heroes of the Mexican Revolution	26
4408015961	Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)	inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century	27
4408015962	Soviet	council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution	28
4408015964	Russian Communist Party	Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution	29
4408015966	Red Army	built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution	30
4408015968	Supreme Soviet	communist-controlled parliament of the USSR	31
4408015969	Comintern	Communist International; an organization under dominance of the USSR; designed to encourage the spread of communism to the rest of the world	32
4408015970	Joseph Stalin	Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953	33
4408015971	Collectivization	creation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants	34
4408015975	Guomindang (National Party)	founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925	35
4408015976	Chiang Kai-shek	leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949	36
4408015977	Mao Zedong	communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976	37
4408015978	Long March	Communist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province	38
4408015979	Totalitarian State	a 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states	39
4408015980	Spanish Civil War	civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed	40
4408015981	Import substitution economies	Latin American and other nations' effort to produce what had formerly been imported	41
4408015982	Corporatism	conservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups	42
4408015983	Tojo Hideki	Japanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s; gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets	43
4408015984	Spanish Civil War	civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy, the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed	44
4408015985	National Socialist (Nazi) Party	founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany	45
4408015986	Blitzkrieg	German term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks	46
4408015987	Vichy	collaborationist French government established in Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany	47
4408015988	Winston Churchill	British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany	48
4408015989	Holocaust	Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died	49
4408015990	United Nations	global organization, founded by the Allies following World War II	50
4408015991	Tehran Conference	1944; meeting between the leaders of Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe	51
4408015992	Yalta Conference	1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union	52
4408015993	Potsdam Conference	1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors	53
4408015994	Atlantic Charter	1941; pact between the US and Britain; gave Britain a strong ally; in return the document contained a clause recognizing the right of all people to select their own government	54
4408015995	Quit India movement	mass civil disobedience campaign against British rule of India in 1942	55
4408015996	Muslim League	Indian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war	56
4408015997	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan	57
4408015998	Land Freedom Army	African revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British	58
4408015999	National Liberation Front (FLN)	Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962	59
4408016000	Afrikaner National Party	became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid	60
4408016001	Cold War	struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia	61
4408016002	Eastern bloc	the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war	62
4408016003	Iron Curtain	term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations	63
4408016004	Marshall Plan	1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements	64
4408016005	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets	65
4408016006	Warsaw Pact	the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites	66
4408016007	Welfare state	Great Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy	67
4408016009	Green movement	rise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth	68
4408016010	Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan	conservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors	69
4408016011	European Union	began by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward	70
4408016012	New feminism	a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes	71
4408016013	Solidarity	Polish labor movement beginning in the 1970s, taking control of the country from the Soviet Union	72
4408016014	Socialist realism	Soviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses	73
4408016015	Third World	term for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world	74
4408016016	North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers	75
4408016018	Banana republics	conservative, often dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly to the US; exported tropical products	76
4408016019	Good Neighbor Policy	introduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states	77
4408016020	Alliance for Progress	1961 US programs for economic development of Latin America	78
4408016021	Indira Gandhi	Prime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades	79
4408016022	Primary products	food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely	80
4408016023	Neocolonialism	continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers	81
4408016024	Gamal Abdul Nasser	member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful	82
4408016025	Anwar Sadat	successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace treaty with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist	83
4408016026	Ayatollah Khomeini	religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences	84
4408016027	Apartheid	Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority	85
4408016028	Homelands	areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken; source of cheap labor for whites	86
4408016029	African National Congress (ANC)	South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections	87
4408016030	Nelson Mandela	ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994	88
4408016032	Douglas MacArthur	American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War	89
4408016034	Republic of Korea	southern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s	90
4408016035	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	northern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War	91
4408016037	Great Leap Forward	economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960	92
4408016038	People's Liberation Army	military, and dominant, arm of the communist structure in China	93
4408016039	Cultural Revolution	initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968	94
4408016041	Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui	pragmatists who opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction ad market incentives at the local level	95
4408016042	Red Guard	student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies	96
4408016043	Gang of Four	Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong	97
4408016046	Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)	middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French	98
4408016047	Communist Party of Vietnam	the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh	99
4408016048	Ho Chi Minh	shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam	100
4408016049	Viet Minh	Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards	101
4408016050	Viet Cong	the communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War	102
4408016051	Mikhail Gorbachev	leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime	103
4408016052	Glasnost	term meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government	104
4408016053	Perestroika	term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control	105
4408016054	Globalization	the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups	106