AP World History Ch 19 Test Review Flashcards

2154219489	Ferdinand of Aragon	Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Grenada, initiation of exploration of New World	0
2154219490	Caribbean	First era of Spanish exploration and settlement, served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience. encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.	1
2154219491	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.	2
2154219492	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	3
2154219493	Encomendero	The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church.	4
2154219494	Bartolome de Las casas	Dominican Friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish Colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights	5
2154219495	Hernan Cortes	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenotchtitlan	6
2154219496	Moctezuma II	Last independent Aztec Emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of Tenotchtitlan	7
2154219497	Mexico City	Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec Capital of Tenotchtitlan	8
2154219498	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs	9
2154219499	Francisco Coronado	Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold	10
2154219500	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541	11
2154219501	Mita	Labor extracted for lands and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect f Inca imperial control	12
2154219502	Potosi	Mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver	13
2154219503	Huancavelica	Location of largest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production	14
2154219504	Haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy	15
2154219505	Consulado	Merchants guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to Americas and handled much of the Silver received in return	16
2154219506	Galleons	Large, heavily armed ship used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion	17
2154219507	Treaty of Tordesillas	Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal;clarified sphere of influence and rights of possession in the New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain	18
2154219508	Letrados	University trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions	19
2154219509	Recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in the New World; basis for law in the indies	20
2154219510	Council of the Indies	Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World	21
2154219511	Viceroyalties	Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico city; direct representatives of the king	22
2154219512	Viceroys	senior government officials in Spanish America; They ruled as direct representative of the king over the principle administrative units or viceroyalties; Usually high ranking nobles with previous military or government experience	23
2154219513	Audiencia	Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10nin each viceroyality; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates	24
2154219514	Sor Juana Ines de la cruz	Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters	25
2154219515	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil	26
2154219516	Capitaincies	Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony	27
2154219517	Paulistas	Backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 1600s	28
2154219518	Minas Gerais	Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush	29
2154219519	Rio de Janeiro	Brazillian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763	30
2154219520	sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top; black slaves or Native Americans at bottom; mixed races in the middle	31
2154219521	Peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	32
2154219522	Creoles	Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath Peninsulares	33
2154219523	Amigos del Pais	Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 1700s; called for material improvements rather than political reform	34
2154219524	Way of the Spanish Succession	Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons; loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French	35
2154219525	Charles III	Spanish Enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759-1788; instituted administrative and military reforms in Spain and its Empire	36
2154219526	Jose de Galvez	1720-1787 Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government	37
2154219527	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy	38
2154219528	Communero Revolt	One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels	39
2154219529	Tupac Amaru	1738-1781 Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution	40
2154219530	Isabella of castile	Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Grenada, initiation of exploration of New World	41
2154219531	1) Why did conquest and rule over people of different beliefs seem natural to the Iberians?	They lived between muslim and christian nations in the middle ages	42
2154219532	1) Describe the slavery tradition in Iberia	they take people they conquer for slaves	43
2154219533	2) What were the two pillars of Iberian politics?	Professional bureaucracy and taxation	44
2154219534	1) What were the three time periods of conquest and consolidation	middle ages, early ages, modern ages	45
2154219535	Crucible	iberian cultural ritual	46
2154219536	1) Why did the Caribbean become a backwater for two centuries?	they were conquered and hit with diseases that decimated the population	47
2154219537	What caused the Caribbean's revival?	the Caribbean's perfect climate for sugar plantations	48
2154219538	3) What political institutions or traditions did the Spanish bring to the Americas?	the encomienda system	49
2154219539	4) What signaled a shift of the Caribbean from an area of conquest to one of settlement?	the Caribbean's perfect climate for sugar plantations	50
2154219540	5) What happened to most of the indigenous people of the Caribbean?	their population was decimated by disease and conquest	51
2154219541	6) Why were African slaves brought to the Americas?	the spanish crown did away with the encomienda system	52
2154219542	1) If the Spanish conquests were not a unified movement, describe what they were.	they were a chance for the spanish to get their own land and wealth through conquest	53
2154219543	Who led the conquest of South America?	Pizarro	54
2154219544	1) How were the men who accompanied the expeditions paid?	they were paid with what they pillaged	55
2154219545	2) What type of men went on these expeditions?	greedy men who care only for themselves	56
2154219546	3) What things aided the success of the conquerors?	disease, locals, and superior weaponry	57
2154219547	Name three diseases which decimated the native population.	Syphilus, Measles, and Smallpox	58
2154219548	1) Describe the evolution of the encomienda system?	instead of amerindians working, african slaves were eventually brought over to work on the lands	59
2154219549	2) Why did the Spanish government want to end the encomienda system?	It was creating a new noble class	60
2154219550	Describe how the wage labor system evolved	workers were given money for pay but had no rights, and eventually gained some rights	61
2154219551	What was the economic activity which brought Latin America into the world economy?	Silver mining	62
2154219552	1) Name the two countries which were the principle suppliers of silver.	Peru and mexico	63
2154219553	2) Describe the evolution of labor for the silver mines.	at first laborers used picks to mine silver but eventually started using mercury	64
2154219554	3) What other metal was used in the mining of silver?	mercury	65
2154219555	4) How did the Spanish government make money off of silver mining?	they sold their silver for luxuries which could be traded	66
2154219556	1) While Latin America became more self-sufficient, what did the Americas still export to Spain?	Silver	67
2154219557	2) The textbook mentions a number of negative side effects to the influx of silver into Mexico. Describe at least four.	Spain started to decline, inflation in Spain, workers dying because of mercury exposure, employers losing money due to loss of workers	68
2154219558	1) On what basis did the Spanish and Portuguese rest their claims of conquest?	A treaty that split the world in half	69
2154219559	How did the Spanish King help create loyalty among high church officials in the colonies?	gave money to build grand missions	70
2154219560	What was the first export product from Brazil for the Portuguese?	Silver	71
2154219561	1) Define miscegenation	labor intensive work	72
2154219562	2) Because sugar cultivation was labor intensive, what did the Portuguese do?	bring slaves to work on the plantations	73
2154219563	What were the three social classes on the Brazilian plantation?	landowner, natives, slaves	74
2154219564	1) Why were mixed background marriages/sexual relation so common on the frontier?	no one knew when they would next see a mate	75
2154219565	2) Describe the sociedad de castas	group of nomads who were native to south america	76
2154219566	3) What were "castas"?	people in the group	77
2154219567	4) What happened to the castas as a percentage of the population/	it dropped as they were hit by diseases	78
2154219568	5) How did the feeling of superiority of peninsulares over Creoles contribute to independence movements in Latin America?	it left the Creoles with a feeling of pride that established rebellious attitudes among them.	79
2154219569	1) Describe at least three of the causes and signs of the weakening of the Spanish Empire	inflation, weak banking system, taxation problems, increase in trade, dependence on trade, death of their king	80
2154219570	How did the death of Charles II weaken the Empire?	It left the empire with a decision of who was to be king	81
2154219571	1) Give at least two main ideas for reforms which Charles II instituted	encomienda system promotes the support of groups not needing support, bureaucracy will help Spain	82
2154219572	2) What was the main target of Jose de Galvez's reforms?	Workers	83
2154219573	What were some of the long run negative effects of the reforms?	wages for the workers were constant but cut off all money when they were fired	84
2154219574	Describe at least three of the reform policies instituted by Pombal.	workers families' should be reimbursed upon their deaths, workers aren't slaves and have rights, wages can't be cut off immediately	85
2154219575	1) What caused much of the revolutionary atmosphere in the 18th century?	the tendencies of power shifts	86
2154219576	2) In what ways did the economic prosperity contribute to the revolutionary feelings?	it inspired feelings of power	87
2154219577	1)Why did Rio de Janeiro become the capital of Brazil?	It was close to the sugar mines	88
2154219578	2)How did competition damage the economic position of Brazil?	Brazil needed trade for silver and others didn't	89
2154219579	3)Upon what did the social hierarchy in America develop?	heritage and importance	90
2154219580	4)Which Spanish dynasty tried to institute reforms in the American colonies during the 1700s?	Charles' dynasty	91
2154219581	5)What were the American colonies of Spain and Portugal experiencing by the mid 1700s?	a great increase in power due to increase in silver trade	92
2154219582	6)Who was the leader of the Indian revolution in Peru in 1781?	Tupac	93
2154219583	7)Why were the colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule unsuccessful?	they were supplied by weak "armies"	94
2154219584	8)What were encomiendas?	lands that natives had to work on to stay on due to conquerors need for agriculture	95
2154219585	9)What did the Treaty of Tordesilles do?	split the world through the west pacific	96
2154219586	10)What group made up the majority of the government administration in the Spanish colonies?	Creoles	97
2154219587	11)Which colony was the first major plantation zone in the Americas?	Mexico	98
2154219588	12)What are the differences between the location of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies?	most of the spanish colonies are in the americas while the portuguese colonies are widespread	99
2154219589	13)Which Spanish conqueror led the conquest of Mexico?	Cortez	100
2154219590	14)As land freed up due to the death of Amerindians, what did the Europeans bring to fill up the land?	bring slaves in	101
2154219591	15)Why did the Spanish crown discontinue the encomienda system?	It was creating a new noble class	102
2154219592	16)Even though the majority of people were involved in agriculture, what was the most profitable of their enterprises?	sugar	103
2154219593	17)What was a vital component in the mining of silver?	supply of workers	104
2154219594	18)What did the influx of silver into Spain cause?	inflation	105
2154219595	19)What provided the model for other Spanish colonies throughout the Americas?	Peru	106
2154219596	20)List four of the characteristics of Iberian culture.	oppressive, christian, church and state, bureaucratic	107