AP World History- Period 1 Flashcards

4402346474	Homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans, first appeared in East Africa 200,000-100,000 years ago	0
4402586452	Paleolithic Period	2.5 million-10,000 years ago (8000 BCE), also Stone Age because people used stone tools and weapons	1
4402591715	kinship group	several related families that moved together in search of food in early human hunter-forager society, often nearly self-sufficient	2
4402597273	clan	larger group of relatives made up of multiple kinship groups (therefore not isolated)	3
4402601233	tribe	multiple clans combined, individuals don't all have to be related, formed for group hunting or mutual defense, led by chiefs and priests	4
4402613324	Neolithic Revolution	around 10,000 years ago, climate warming up from Ice Age, also "Agricultural Revolution", happened at different times for different parts of the world	5
4402629878	nomadic pastoralism	way of life of leading herds of animals from one grazing land to another, first emerged in grasslands of Africa and Eurasia, wanted reliable food source but could harm environment	6
4402648634	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	7
4402651735	social stratification	some people acumulate wealth (ex jewelry or bigger homes), private property increasingly important, wealthy or power to control surplus form an elite, came with changes in food production	8
4402661286	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities, built on west bank of Jordan River, oldest evidence around 9000 BCE	9
4402664452	Catal Huyuk	ancient city, present-day Turkey, founded 7500 BCE along (now-dried) river, well-preserved remains	10
4402679081	priests (and priestesses)	class developed to conduct religious ceremonies for favor or nature spirits (first in Neolithic Era)	11
4402698919	textiles	items made of cloth, innovation first of Neolithic Era	12
4402706061	metallurgy	the science of the study of metals	13
4402711884	bronze	copper found in pure state in ground in Neolithic era, melted tin and copper together to make a stronger metal, started Bronze Age	14
4402714730	Bronze Age	period after discovery of bronze, generally 3300-2300 BCE	15
4402718737	civilization	large society with cities and powerful states, foundation created by Neolithic Revolution	16
4402722605	core and foundational	(of civilizations) having developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions	17
4402732609	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow south (from modern-day Turkey, through modern-day Iran), empty into Persian Gulf	18
4402736051	Mesopotamia	area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, region "cradle of civilization"	19
4402738660	Fertile Crescent	area overlapping with Mesopotamia, including area to west along Mediterranean coast	20
4402743407	Sumerians	nomadic pastoralists, migrated into Mesopotamia sometime before 5000 BCE	21
4402746554	Sumer	civilization created by Sumerians, first complex governments arose, city-states independent with own government	22
4402750151	Uruk	largest city in Sumer, population of 50,000 by 2700 BCE	23
4402756618	kings	military rulers (first in Sumer, became more important than priests)	24
4402764979	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids built by Sumerians, monumental religious architecture	25
4402767978	division of labor	enabled by agricultural surplus, enabled Sumerians to engage in work other than producing food	26
4402776139	cuneiform	world's first writing system, created by Sumerians	27
4402777621	scribes	(first in Sumer) separate class of people skilled at cuneiform, kept records, later wrote histories and myths	28
4402783665	The Epic of Gilgamesh	perhaps oldest written story on earth, produced during Sumer's power, in cuneiform	29
4402787277	Babylonians	Persian invaders, took control of Mesopotamia around 1900 BCE	30
4402797112	Hammurabi	Babylonians' most powerful king, ruled until 1750 BCE, famous for code of laws	31
4402800770	Code of Hammurabi	created by King Hammurabi of Babylonian Empire, 282 laws carved in stone, first instance of written and displayed laws, built on concept that punishment should fit the crime	32
4402807650	astrology	predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets, important in Babylonian society	33
4402818423	Phoenicians	occupied parts of (present-day) Lebanon, Israel, Jordan around 3000 BCE, established wide trade network across Mediterranean, peak around 1200-1100 BCE	34
4402825433	Carthage	Phoenician colony on coast of North Africa, significant outpost of empire	35
4402815944	alphabetic script	system of symbols (letters) that represent sounds of speech, developed by Phoenicians, alternative to cuneiform, helped trade and later modified by Greeks and Romans	36
4402835369	Hebrews	lived in region of Canaan (present-day Israel), ancestors of Jews	37
4402842081	Israelites and Jews	descendants of Hebrews	38
4402843944	Abraham	founded Canaan in approx. 2000 BCE according to Hebrew scripture, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all trace religious heritage to him	39
4402848887	Moses	led Hebrews out of Egypt around 1300 BCE, introduced Ten Commandments	40
4402850791	Ten Commandments	code of conduct introduced by Moses, became influential in Christianity	41
4405284538	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean world and the Middle East- started with the division of the Hebrews into two empires, conquered by Babylonians and Assyrians, Israelites enslaved and fled	42
4405296033	Sahara	desert in northern Africa	43
4405297609	Kalahari	desert in southern Africa	44
4405297610	Nile River	begins in interior of Africa, flows north to Mediterranean Sea, rich, fertile soil	45
4405305244	desertification	creation of desert-like conditions, as in North Africa due to declining rainfall starting around 5000 BCE	46
4405309071	King Menes	united kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE, established capital at city of Memphis	47
4405316358	Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom	three long periods of stability in ancient Egypt- 2660-2160 BCE, 2040-1786 BCE, and 1570-1070 BCE	48
4405325481	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	49
4405328636	Hyksos	pastoral nomadic people, invaded Middle Kingdom Egypt, used superior chariots and bows and arrows to defeat Egyptians	50
4405333789	Akhenaton	pharaoh, tried to change Egypt's religion around 1350 BCE to worship only sun god Aten, but old religion was restored after his death	51
4405345585	Ramses the Great	powerful pharaoh, ruled starting around 1290 BCE, expanded Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia during 67 years of power, made peace with threatening Hittites (successors not able to)	52
4405355204	Hittites	threat to Egyptian empire, had military advantage with some iron tools and weapons	53
4405370845	heiroglyphics	form of picture-writing used in Nile Valley by about 3000 BCE, written on papyrus (instead of clay tablets in Sumer)	54
4405376260	Book of the Dead	paper book Egyptians put in coffins of dead pharaohs and some nobles, told the story of the dead person	55
4405381139	Kush	kingdom Nubia reemerged as in about 2500 BCE after having fallen into decline earlier	56
4405387469	Axum	civilization that conquered Kush in 340s CE	57
4405393096	Indus River Valley (civilizations)	core and foundational, 2500-2000 BCE, established by Dravidians	58
4405396585	Dravidians	indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent, established sophisticated Indus River Valley civilizations	59
4405398828	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	Indus River Valley civilizations established by Dravidians 2500-2000 BCE, used written pictograph language	60
4405403355	Environmental degradation	probably caused gradual decline and eventual disappearance of Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations	61
4405406291	Aryans	Indo-European-speaking peoples originally from Central Asia, traveled from Persia through Hindu Kush mountians beginning in 1500 BCE, brought first horses into India	62
4405413744	clans (Aryan organization)	male chief, ruled with advice from committee of members, Aryans had no central government	63
4405416853	barter	a system by which one thing is exchanged for another	64
4405416855	Sanskrit	sacred language of Aryans, brought to south Asia, first oral stories but 1200-1000 BCE writing system developed	65
4405422285	Hindi	language eventually evolved from Aryans' common spoken tongue	66
4405424464	Indo-European language	Sanskrit, also Latin (have similarities)	67
4405429679	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	68
4405432628	Rig-Veda	most famous Aryan Veda, reveals conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan peoples, outlined proper brahmin behavior	69
4405434358	brahmin	proper priestly behavior, initially in Aryan tradition	70
4405438551	Vedic Age	800-400 BCE, marked by growing Aryan awareness of Dravidian beliefs	71
4405441426	Upanishads	collection of religious thought resulting from Aryan and Dravidian interaction, includes religious concepts brahma, dharma, karma, and moksha, foundational text for religious beliefs that later became Hinduism	72
4405447696	Huang He and Chiang Jiang	major rivers in eastern China, Yellow and Yangtze respectively, Yellow river named due to yellow color of loess soil	73
4405491833	Xia Dynasty	Around 2100 BCE, Yu brought order to Huang He region, passed power to son Qi to found dynasty, lasted approx. 400 years	74
4405496325	Shang Dynasty	approx 1750 BCE, Tang overthrew Xia king and took power, dynasty ruled for next 600 years	75
4405569527	ancestor veneration	tradition of china of worshiping and making offerings to ancestors, began during Shang Dynasty	76
4405600299	pictographs	graphic symbols each representing an idea (ex. written script of Shang Dynasty)	77
4405611846	Zhou dynasty	1045 BCE, military man Wu raised his own army to challenge weakened Shang kings, established this dynasty, network of regional rulers w/ mutual defense relationships creates foundation of feudalism	78
4405616005	(China's first) Golden Age	first 200 years of Zhou rule, (general) period in a society of relative peace, prosperity, and innovation	79
4405620978	Mandate of Heaven	idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods	80
4405633058	Mesoamerica	Central America and present-day Mexico	81
4405634406	Chavin civilization	around 1000-200 BCE, along coast of present-day Peru, built elaborate temple made of granite and limestone obtained through trade	82
4405639806	Olmec	foundation/core of several advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica, flourished in east and central Mexico around 1200-400 BCE	83
4405645874	glyphs	pictures and symbols of real objects, used by Olmecs	84
4405647443	Oceania	vast region in Pacific ocean including New Guinea, Australia, and islands, hunter-foragers arrived here about 60,000 years ago	85
4405653435	Austronesian-speaking people	probably originated in southern China, moved to Taiwan and Philippines, migrated to New Guinea around 5000-2500 BCE, introduced agriculture	86
4405657064	aboriginals	in Australia, remained hunter-foragers despite introduction of agriculture by arriving Austronesian-speaking migrants	87
4405660411	Polynesia	islands including Samoa, Hawaii, Easter Island, New Zealand, Austronesians came with new canoes that could go vast distances	88
4405664385	Easter Island	people settled here divided into clans, each with a chief, and one chief ruling all clans, constructed large stone statues representing ancestor-gods	89