AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

Unit Four: Global Interactions c. 1450 - c. 1750

769641096	Edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants (Huguenots) after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.	0
769641097	Theocracy	Government run by a religious group.	1
769641098	Martin Luther	a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.	2
769641099	Charles V	Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain as Charles I . He summoned the Diet of Worms and the Council of Trent. Also attempted to stop the spread of protestantism.	3
769641100	Huguenots	French Protestants (aka. Nobles who adopted Calvinism.)	4
769660545	Henry VIII	King of England who broke from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce.	5
769660546	Calvinism	Protestant movement that gained popularity. Led by John Calvin. Believed in pre-destination.	6
769660547	95 Thesis	Written by Marin Luther, was a list of grievances against the Catholic Church and were posted on the chruch door.	7
769660548	Indulgence	Divine forgiveness of your sins by the Church.	8
769660549	Peace of Augsburg	This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following. This ended the Catholic Persecution of the French Huguenots.	9
769660550	Catholic Reformation	The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself.	10
769660551	Council of Trent	The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.	11
769660552	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	12
769665523	The Scientific Revolution	A new way of thinking about the natural world. It was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs	13
769665524	Copernicus	Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.	14
769665525	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars.	15
769665526	Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion.	16
769665527	Newton	This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science	17
769665528	The Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.	18
769681032	Philosophes	Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.	19
769681033	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract"; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	20
769681034	Rousseau	French philosopher who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society.	21
769681035	Mary Wollstonecraft	This was an English feminist who supported the women's revolution in France	22
769681036	Adam Smith	Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics	23
769681037	Thomas Hobbes	wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society	24
769681038	Montesquieu	the Enlighenment writer who believed in seperation of powers	25
769681039	Vasco de Gama	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	26
769681040	Magellan	This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world	27
769681041	Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	28
769681042	Cabral	This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India	29
769681043	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them	30
769681044	The Columbian Exchange	enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, human population, diseases and ideas; one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture and culture between America, Asia, Europe, and Africa.	31
769681045	Triangular Trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa	32
769681046	Dutch East India Company	Controlled routes to the spice islands.	33
772658850	Trans-atlantic slave trade	Refers to the trade of slaves that took place across the atlantic ocean.	34
772658851	Trans-Saharan slave trade	A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the 12th century with west African slaves captured in raids being exported across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa.	35
772658852	Mfecane	Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.	36
772658853	Reconquista	The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.	37
772658854	Conquistador	A Spanish conqueror of the Americas	38
772658855	Miscegenation	Reproduction by parents of different races.	39
772658856	Bourbon Reforms	A set of economic and political reforms introduced by the house of bourbon that were intended to make administration in the spanish colonies more efficient and their economies more productive.	40
772667359	plantation economy	This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.	41
772667360	Brazil	Land which Portugal later gained in the New World	42
772667361	Mughal India	Increased taxes to support Persian wars. Demanded strict following of Islamic laws Tolerant of all religions Built the Taj Mahal *Restored taxes Hindu's had to pay	43
772667362	Akbar	The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.	44
772667363	Shah Jahan	Fifth Mogul emperor of India; He is remembered as the builder of the Taj Mahal	45
772667364	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.	46
772706779	Sikhism	Religion founded by Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu Beliefs.	47
772706780	Safavid	The shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in persia between the 16th and 18th centuries. Carpet making was a major industry they created.	48
772706781	Safavid brotherhood	Military group that was developed by the Safavids to gain political power.	49
772706782	Shah Abbas the Great	Revitalized the Safavid empire. Moved his capital to the central Isfahan, and encouraged trade.	50
772706783	Shi'ah	a group of Muslims that believe the ruler of Islam should be within the family of the prophet	51
772706784	Ottoman society	Divided into two classes: the ruling class and the religious class.	52
772706785	Millet	in the ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims	53
772706786	Sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	54
772706787	Ottoman Empire	Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.	55
772706788	Mary queen of scots	Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.	56
772706789	Maria Theresa	Austrian empress who unified her nation after her father's death	57
772706790	Elizabeth I	Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.	58
772706791	Mary I	This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants.	59
772706792	Glorious Revolution	In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.	60
772706793	European Nation-states	Governs people who share a common culture Has definite geographic boundaries *Enjoys sovereignty - Freedom to rule themselves.	61
772715342	Henry IV	first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris.	62
772715343	Cardinal Richelieu	This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy	63
772715344	Louis XIV	This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.	64
772715345	Peter The Great	Tsar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government	65
772715346	Russia	Tsars insisted Russia had succeeded Byzantium as a "third Rome". Following the death of Tsar Ivan IV, russia entered a politically disturbed era known as the Time of Troubles *Peter the Great and Catherine the Great modernized/westernized Russia.	66
778867943	Age of Absolutism	Time period where kings and queens ruled domains with total control over their people.	67
778867944	Mongol	Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging.	68
778867945	Ming Dynsaty	the Ming Dynasty came to power after after China had been ruled by the Mongols then a group called the red turbans attacked the Mongols in the Mid-1300s and a peasant rebellion began and they over threw the Mongols or the Yuan Dynasty.	69
778867946	Zheng he	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration. After the ascension of Zhu Di's son as the Hongxi Emperor, the ocean voyages were discontinued	70
778867947	Asian sea trading network	Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks.	71
778867948	Chinese ships	Junks	72
778867949	Jurchen	A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern China. Seized power following the fall of the ming dynasty.	73
778867950	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal)	74
778867951	Social classes in Tokugawa Japan	Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants Artisans Merchants	75