AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

6019336278	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
6019336279	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
6019336280	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
6019336281	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
6019336282	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
6019336283	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
6019336284	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
6019336285	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
6019336286	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
6019336287	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
6019336288	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
6019336289	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
6019336290	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
6019336291	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
6019336292	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
6019336293	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
6019336294	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
6019336295	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
6019336296	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
6019336297	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
6019336298	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
6019336299	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
6019336300	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
6019336301	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
6019336302	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
6019336303	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
6019336304	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
6019336305	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
6019336306	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
6019336307	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
6019336308	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
6019336309	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
6019336310	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
6019336311	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
6019336312	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
6019336313	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
6019336314	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
6019336315	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
6019336316	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
6019336317	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
6019336318	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
6019336319	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
6019336320	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
6019336321	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
6019336322	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
6019336323	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
6019336324	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
6019336325	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
6019336326	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
6019336327	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
6019336328	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
6019336329	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
6019336330	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
6019336331	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
6019336332	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
6019336333	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
6019336334	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
6019336335	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
6019336336	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
6019336337	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
6019336338	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
6019336339	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
6019336340	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
6019336341	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
6019336342	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
6019336343	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
6019336344	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
6019336345	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
6019336346	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
6019336347	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
6019336348	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
6019336349	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
6019336350	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
6019336351	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
6019336352	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
6019336353	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
6019336354	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
6019336355	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
6019336356	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
6019336357	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
6019336358	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
6019336359	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
6019336360	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
6019336361	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
6019336362	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
6019336363	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
6019336364	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
6019336365	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
6019336366	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
6019336367	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
6019336368	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
6019336369	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
6019336370	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
6019336371	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
6019336372	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
6019336373	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
6019336374	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
6019336375	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
6019336376	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
6019336377	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
6019336378	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
6019336379	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
6019336380	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
6019336381	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
6019336382	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
6019336383	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
6019336384	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
6019336385	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
6019336386	Silk Road Trade system		108
6019336387	Kingdom of Mali		109
6019336388	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
6019336389	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
6019336390	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
6019336391	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
6019336392	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
6019336393	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
6019336394	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
6019336395	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
6019336396	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
6019336397	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
6019336398	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
6019336399	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
6019336400	Bantu Migrations		122
6019336401	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
6019336402	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124