AP World History Flashcards

Terms and definitions of all of the bolded words in the 2009 AP World History Exam Review Book (By: The Princeton Review).

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4836820995	cultural diffusion	change in a society pased on interaction with another culture	0
4836820996	foraging societies	hunter-gatherer clans; small groups of people who traveled based on plants, animals, and weather	1
4836820997	pastoral societies	known for domestication of animals; used small agriculture to supplement diet; extended family; women had few rights; social class based on size of herd; didn't settle	2
4836820998	Neolithic Revolution	8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; move from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles and town and city life; small communities; specialization of labor	3
4836820999	Bronze Age	latter Neolithic Era; bronze used in tools and weapons; created from copper and tin; stronger metal	4
4836821000	city-state	urban center and agricultural land around it under its control; loosely connected with others by cultural characteristics, but was independent and competed	5
4836821001	Mesopotamia	"land between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates); sight of many ancient civilizations	6
4836821002	Sumerian Civilization	southern Mesopotamia; calendar, math, geometry; polytheistic; city-states (Ur, Erech, Kish); overthrown in 1700 BCE	7
4836821003	Cuneiform	Sumerian form of writing; used in laws, treaties, and social/religious documents; spread through trade	8
4836821004	polytheism	worship of more than one god	9
4836821005	Ziggurats	Sumerian temples; used to appease gods	10
4836821006	Akkad	city north of Sumer; rose to dominate the region; first known code of laws; 1700 BCE overthrown by Babylon	11
4836821007	Babylon	replaced Akkad in 1700 BCE; King Hammurabi; Code of Hammurabi	12
4836821008	Code of Hammurabi	by King Hammurabi of Babylon; code of laws that dealt with every part of life; distinguished between major and minor offenses; applied laws to nearly everyone; "rule of law"	13
4836821009	Hittites	invaded and destroyed Babylon by 1500 BCE; used iron in weapons; military superpower	14
4836821010	Assyrians	learned to use iron from Hittites within 100 years; empire covered Fertile Crescent; uprisings resolved by exiles; cruel army; defeated by Medes and Chaldeans	15
4836821011	Nineveh	Assyrian capital	16
4836821012	Nebuchadnezzar	Chaldean king; rebuilt Babylon for architecture and culture; empire covered Fertile Crescent; new Babylon fell to Persian Empire	17
4836821013	Persian Empire	defeated new Babylon; huge empire (Egypt to Afghanistan)	18
4836821014	Great Royal Road	longest Persian road; 600 miles; from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea	19
4836821015	Lydians	came of with concept of coined money (instead of barter system) so that people could save money	20
4836821016	Phoenicians	powerful naval city-states along the Mediterranean; 22 letter alphabet that morphed into English alphabet (through Greeks)	21
4836821017	Hebrews	first Jews; monotheistic; established Israel in Palestine (1000 BCE); believed they were God's chosen people	22
4836821018	Egyptian	Nile River; good agriculture/soil; Nile floods predictably; three kingdoms (Old, Middle, New); polytheistic; women had many rights	23
4836821019	King Menes	unified Nile river valley; built capital at Memphis; managed floodwaters; built drainage and irrigation systems	24
4836821020	Pharaohs	Egyptian rulers; directed construction of obelists and pyramids, enormous tombs for their afterlife	25
4836821021	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing system; system of pictures that represented letters and words	26
4836821022	Queen Hatshepsut	first female ruler in history; Egyptian ruler for 22 years during New Kingdom; expanded trade; gave women many rights	27
4836821023	Indus Valley	Indus River Valley from 2500 to 1500 BCE; cut off from world by northwest mountains; northwest India; strong central government led by priest-king; polytheistic; made COTTON	28
4836821024	Khyber Pass	through Hindu Kush Mountains; used by Indus Valley merchants for trade; allowed invading forces into the land	29
4836821025	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two major Indus Valley cities; more than 100,000 people; master-planned, uniformly constructed, and had wastewater systems	30
4836821026	Aryans	nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mountains; horses and weapons; defeated and settled in Indus Valley; polytheists who believed in reincarnation (led to Hinduism)	31
4836821027	Hinduism	evolved from early Aryan beliefs of polytheism and reincarnation	32
4836821028	Caste System	Hindu social structure based on Aryan social structure	33
4836821029	Zhou Dynasty	led by Wu Wang and replaced Shang in 1100 BCE; longer dynasty (900 years); feudal system; ended in 256 BCE	34
4836821030	Mandate of Heaven	heaven would grant the Zhou Dynasty power only as long as its rulers governed justly and wisely	35
4836821031	Bureaucracy	way of organizing government tasks by department or bureau	36
4836821032	Bantu	languages from Niger and Benue River Valleys in Africa	37
4836821033	Bantu migrations	migrations of farmers from Niger and Benue River Valleys in north Africa to south and east; started in 1500 BCE and continued for 2000 years; due to weather	38
4836821034	Brahmans	upper class in India; priests; considered closer to the gods	39
4836821035	Jenne-Jeno	first city in sub-Saharan Africa; upper Niger River valley; started in 280 BCE; urban, but not hierarchically organized; collection of individual communities	40
4836821036	Olmec	Mexico; from 1400 to 1200 BCE; corn, beans, squash, irrigation, and large buildings; polytheistic; writing and calendar systems	41
4836821037	Chavin	Andes; from 900 to 300 BCE; polytheistic; agricultural with access to the coast; llamas; metals in tools and weapons	42
4836821038	Patriarchal	led by the eldest male (ex. Shang China)	43
4836821039	Shang China	in Hwang Ho (Yellow) River Valley; 1600 to 1100 BCE; strong military; walls around towns; limited outside contract; ethnocentric; bronze, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery, and silk; decimal system, calendar	44
4836821040	Tikal	most important Mayan political center; more than 100,000 people	45
4836821041	Chichen Itza	Mayan tiered temple	46
4836821042	Mauryan Empire	India; 321 to 180 BCE; largest empire in India; powerful and wealthy from trade (of elephants, cotton, and silk); strong military	47
4836821043	Chandragupta Maurya	founded Mauryan Empire by unifying small Aryan kingdoms	48
4836821044	Ashoka Maurya	grandson of Chandragupta; converted to Buddhism; preached nonviolence and moderation	49
4836821045	Rock and Pillar Edicts	by Ashoka to remind Mauryans to be generous and righteous	50
4836821046	Chandra Gupta	revived Mauryan Empire between 375 and 415 CE as the Gupta Empire	51
4836821047	Gupta Empire	replaced Mauryan Empire in India from 320 to 550 CE; decentralized and smaller; peaceful; advances in arts and science (pi and zero); Hindu; defeated by the White Huns	52
4836821048	Arabic Numerals	decimal system of numerals 1 through 9 created by Gupta Empire and diffused to the Arabs	53
4836821049	Qin Dynasty	China; 221 to 200 BCE; organized, centralized, and territorial; patriarchal; legalism; overthrown by peasants	54
4836821050	Great Wall of China	connection of separate fortification walls under the Qin Dynasty	55
4836821051	Qin Shihuangdi	first emperor of Qin Dynasty; recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized writing, laws, currencies, weights, etc.; refused to tolerate dissent	56
4836821052	Legalism	dominant belief system of the Qin rulers	57
4836821053	Han Dynasty	China; 200 BCE to 200 CE; created civil service system based on Confucian teachings; invented paper, sundials, calendars, and use of metals	58
4836821054	Huns	large nomadic group from northen Asia that invaded areas from China to Eastern Europe	59
4836821055	Wu Ti	"Warrior Emperor"; enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia	60
4836821056	Ancient Greece	peninsula between Aegean and Mediterranean Seas; mountainous; not much land for agricultural developments; trade was popular, exchanged wine and olive products for grain; polytheistic, gods had human failings	61
4836821057	Polis	Greek city-state; people comprised of citizens (adult males), free people with no political rights, and noncitizens (slaves)	62
4836821058	Athens	main Greek city-state; political, commercial, and cultural center	63
4836821059	Sparta	main Greek city-state; agricultural and highly militaristic; all boys (and some girls) received military training	64
4836821060	Draco and Solon	aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens to ensure fair, equal, and open participation	65
4836821061	Persian Wars	unietd all Greek city-states against their mutural enemy, Persia	66
4836821062	Golden Age of Pericles	age of peace and prosperity in Greece after Persian Wars	67
4836821063	Pericles	leader who made Atherns a cultural powerhouse; established a democracy for all adult males; established Delian League	68
4836821064	Delian League	alliance between Athens and other city-states against aggression from its common enemies	69
4836821065	Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle	three great Greek philosophers; truth discerned through rational thought; virtue and quest for goodness leads to internal peace and happiness	70
4836821066	Homer	Greek writer; wrote the epic poems The Illiad and The Odyssey	71
4836821067	Peloponnesian War	431 BCE; started by trade dispute over Corinth between Athens and Sparta; Sparta won; Athens greatly weakened by the war and vulnerable to outside aggression	72
4836821068	Mecedonians	conquered Athens under rule of Philip of Macedon (359 to 336 BCE); restored Greek culture	73
4836821069	Alexander the Great	grandson of Philip of Macedon; taught by Aristotle; created largest empire of the time by conquering Persian Empire and moving into India; divided it into three empires- Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemaic (Egypt, and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)	74
4836821070	Hellenism	culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classica Greece	75
4836821071	Patricians	Roman land-owning noblemen	76
4836821072	Plebeians	all other free men in Rome (not Patricians)	77
4836821073	Twelve Tables of Rome	codified Roman laws; included concept of "innocent until proven guilty"	78
4836821074	Carthage	city-state in North Africa; first enemy of Rome	79
4836821075	Punic Wars	wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BCE	80
4836821076	Hannibal	Carthagian general who led second Punic War (218 BCE); great military genius; nearly destroyed Rome	81
4836821077	First Triumvirate	Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar; received the power of the Senate in Rome	82
4836821078	Caesar	"emperor for life"; given power over southern Gaul (France) and other parts of Europe; took power away from Pompey and Crassus; assassinated by fellow senators in 44 BCE	83
4836821079	Second Triumvirate	Octavius, Marc Anthony, and Lepidus; made upon death of Julius Caesar	84
4836821080	Octavius	rose to power in Rome; "Augustus Caesar"; ended Roman Republic (became Empire); period of Pax Romana	85
4836821081	Paganism	state religion of early Roman Republic and Empire; required to make sacrifices to tradtional Roman gods	86
4836821082	Constantine	Roman emperor; issued Edict of Milan	87
4836821083	Edict of Milan	issued by Constantine in 313 CE to end persecution of Christians in Rome	88
4836821084	Diocletian	Roman Emperor in 284 CE; divided empire into two regions run by co-emperors	89
4836821085	Constantine	Roman Emperor in 322 CE; built Constantinople	90
4836821086	Constantinople	city built by Constantine at the site of the Greek city of Byzantium; part of eastern Rome (which thrived)	91
4836821087	Visigoths	Germanic peoples placed by Roman authorities on the borders; sacked Rome in 410 CE	92
4836821088	Attila	led Huns in invasion of Rome in the early fifth century	93
4836821089	Silk Road	land trade route from China to the Roman Empire	94
4836821090	Islam	monotheistic; based in the Middle East	95
4836821091	Muslims	followers of Islam	96
4836821092	Mohammad	prophet who transmits Allah's (God) words to the faithful	97
4836821093	Qu'ran	book in which followers recorded Allah's words through Mohammad	98
4836821094	Five Pillars of Islam	ways to win salvation through submission to the will of God; include confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the month-long Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime	99
4836821095	jihad	"to struggle"; Islamic concept; the struggle to be a better Muslim and the struggle against non-believers	100
4836821096	Medina	city where Mohammad and his followers fled in 622 CE	101
4836821097	hijra	622 CE; the year Mohammad and his followers fled to Medina; year 1 on the Muslim calendar	102
4836821098	Abu Bakr	became caliph in 632 when Mohammad died; head of state and religious leader	103
4836821099	caliph	head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader in the Islamic empire	104
4836821100	theocracy	a government ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided	105
4836821101	Umayyad Dynasty	expanded the Islamic Empire; intensified conflict with the Byzantine and Persian Empires; capital at Damascus; non-Muslims forced to pay a tax	106
4836821102	Charles Martel	(688-741 CE) Frankish leader; stopped the Muslim advance towards Paris	107
4836821103	Dome of the Rock	built on Temple Mount in Jerusalem under the Umayyad Dynasty	108
4836821104	Shiite (Shia) Islam	holds that Mohammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire	109
4836821105	Sunnis	held Ali in high esteem, but do not believe that he and his hereditary line are the chosen successors; believe that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people	110
4836821106	Abbasid Dynasty	750 to 1258 (until the Islamic Empire was defeated by the Mongols); merchants introduced the ideas of credit, receipts, and bills; steel produced; learned how to make paper from the Chinese	111
4836821107	Baghdad	Abbasid capital known as a cultural center	112
4836821108	Mohammad al-Razi	published a medical encyclopedia (during the Abbasid Dynasty)	113
4836821109	Levant	present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; battled for control of it by Christians and Muslims	114
4836821110	Sufis	Islamic mystics; most effective missionaries; stressed a personal relationship with Allah	115
4836821111	mamluks	Turkish slaves; revolted against the Islamic Caliphate; established a new capital at Samarra	116
4836821112	Mongols	defeated the Abbasid Dynasty in 1258; destroyed Baghdad	117
4836821113	Ottoman Turks	reunited Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state until 1918	118
4836821114	Middle Ages	the period after the fall of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance	119
4836821115	Orthodox Christianity	separate branch of Christianity practiced in the Byzantine Empire	120
4836821116	Justinian	(527 to 565); ruler of the Byzantine Empire; restored glory and unity of the Roman Empire in Constantinople	121
4836821117	Justinian Code	codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive under Justinian of the Byzantine Empire	122
4836821118	Hagia Sophia	cathedral built under Justinian of the Byzantine Empire	123
4836821119	Pope	regarded by the Roman Catholics emperors of the West as the leader of Byzantium's church	124
4836821120	St. Cyril	Orthodox Christian who used the Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet; converted Slavic peoples of southeastern Europre and Russia to Christianity	125
4836821121	Vladimir	a Russian prince from Kiev; converted to Christianity	126
4836821122	Franks	a Germanic tribe	127
4836821123	King Clovis	united the Franks in the late fifth century; built an empire from Germany to France; capital at Paris; empire divided among his sons after his death	128
4836821124	Charles Martel	led the revolt against the advancing Muslim armies and in 732 defeated them at the Battle of Tours; founded the Carolingian Dynasty	129
4836821125	Battle of Tours	battle (near Paris) where Charles Martel defeated advancing Muslim armies in 732	130
4836821126	Carolingian Dynasty	founded by Charles Martel	131
4836821127	Pepin	son of Charles Martel; had his succession certified by the pope	132
4836821128	Charlemagne	(747-814 CE) "Charles the Great"; son of Pepin; crowned by the pope in 800; emphasized the arts and education with a religious bent	133
4836821129	Holy Roman Empire	empire built by Charlemagne; feudalism	134
4836821130	Otto the Great	gave the Holy Roman Empire its name upson his coronation in 962	135
4836821131	Treaty of Verdun	843 CE; treaty in which the Holy Roman Empire was split up among the grandsons of Charlemagne	136
4836821132	Vikings	group of people from Scandinavia who invaded western Europe	137
4836821133	Magyars	group of people from Hungary who invaded western Europe	138
4836821134	Feudalism	the European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages that had a strict hierarchy	139
4836821135	Nobles	people who were granted power over sections of the kingdom in exchange for military service and loyalty to the king	140
4836821136	Vassals	lesser lords under nobles; controlled small sections of land	141
4836821137	Peasants	people below the vassals who worked the land	142
4836821138	fiefs	the estates that were granted to the vassals	143
4836821139	manors	later term for fiefs (estates granted to the vassals)	144
4836821140	three-field system	the rotation of three fields: one for the fall harvest, one for the spring harvest, and one not-seeded fallow harvest (allowing the land to replenish its nutrients)	145
4836821141	code of chivalry	honor system among feudal lords that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect	146
4836821142	primogeniture	system in which land was passed down to the eldest son	147
4836821143	serfs	peasants in the feudal system	148
4836821144	burghers	middle-class merchants	149
4836821145	Hanseatic League	an alliance that controlled trade throughout much of northern Europe	150
4836821146	Crusades	military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity	151
4836821147	heresies	religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional church doctrine	152
4836821148	scholasticism	relying on reason rather than faith; introduced through the scientific ideas of Ancient Greeks through contacts with the Islamic and Byzantine Empires	153
4836821149	Pope Innocent III	pope who persecuted heretics and Jews and attempted a fourth unsuccessful Crusade	154
4836821150	Inquisition	a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics; led by Pope Gregory IX	155
4836821151	Universal Church (Church Militant)	the name given to the Church during the Inquisition due to its pervasiveness and its ultimate power	156
4836821152	Thomas Aquinas	(1225-1274 CE) famous Christian realist; wrote Summa Theologica; thought that faith and reason are not in conflict, but both are gifts from God and each can be used to enhance the other	157
4836821153	interregnum	a time between the kings	158
4836821154	William the Conqueror	led England in a tradition of a strong monarchy	159
4836821155	Magna Carta	(1215 CE) King John of England was forced to sign it by nobles; reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles and extended the rule of law to other people in the country, such as the burgher class; helped establish the Parliament	160
4836821156	King Hugh Capet	in 987, he ruled only a small area around Paris	161
4836821157	Joan of Arc	farm girl; claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from the hands of the English; forced the British to retreat from Orleans; captured by the French, tried by the English, and burned at the stake by the French	162
4836821158	Hundred Years' War	(1337-1453); war between England and France which resulted in England's withdrawal from France	163
4836821159	Bourbons	series of French monarchs who unified France after the Hundred Years' War	164
4836821160	Queen Isabella	ruler of Castille; united Spain by marrying Ferdinand (king of Aragon) in 1469	165
4836821161	Spanish Inquisition	the event which non-Christians were forced to convert to Christianity or leave the country (Spain) marked the beginning of	166
4836821162	Tatars	a group of Mongols from the east; took over Russia in 1242	167
4836821163	czar	the Russian word for emperor or Caesar	168
4836821164	Ivan the Terrible	"House of Rurik"; had centralized power over the entire Russian sphere by the mid-1500s	169
4836821165	T'ang Dynasty	Chinese dynasty (618-907 CE); collapsed as local warlords gained power	170
4836821166	Emperor Xuanzong	emperor during the T'ang Dynasty in China; expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, TIbet, and Korea	171
4836821167	Song Dynasty	Chinese dynasty (960-1279 CE); fell to the Jurchens and then to the Mongols until the Yuan Dynasty was extavlioshed	172
4836821168	moveable type	invented in China; resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes	173
4836821169	Wu Zhao	first and only empress of China at the death of her husband, Emperor Gaozong, during the T'ang Dynasty	174
4836821170	foot binding	method use in China during the Song Dynasty to keep women's feet small	175
4836821171	Shinto	"the way of the gods"; Japanese religion; goal is to become part of the kami (forces of nature) through following certain rituals and customs	176
4836821172	Yamato clan	emerged as the rulers of Japan in the fifth century; first and only dynasty to rule it	177
4836821173	Taika Reforms	(645 CE); reforms by Prince Shotoku modeled on the successes of the T'ang Dynasty	178
4836821174	Prince Shotoku	Japanese prince who created the Taika Reforms	179
4836821175	Fujiwara	powerful Japanese family that intermarried with the emperor's family and began to run the affairs of the country	180
4836821176	shogun	Japanese title of chief general	181
4836821177	daimyo	huge landowners in Japan	182
4836821178	Code of Bushido	code followed by the samurai; similar to the code of chivalry in Europe	183
4836821179	Delhi Sultanate	Islamic kingdom in Delhi under the rule of the sultan	184
4836821180	Genghis Khan	unified the Mongol tribes and later created the largest empire the world has seen	185
4836821181	The Mongol Empire	empire that spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe	186
4836821182	hordes	small, independent empires	187
4836821183	Golden Horde	horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered most of modern-day Russia	188
4836821184	Kublai Khan	Mongol ruler in China	189
4836821185	Timur Lang (Tamerlane)	Mongol leader who conquered India, killed thousands, and destroyed the sultanate	190
4836821186	Axum	African empire in modern-day Ethiopia that converted to Christianity in the fourth century and to Islam in the seventh century	191
4836821187	Mansa Musa	Mali ruler that built a capital at Timbuktu and expanded the kingdom beyond Ghana; 1307, made a world-famous pilgrimage to Mecca	192
4836821188	Benin	culture near present-day Nigeria that mastered a bronze sculpting technique	193
4836821189	Tenochtitlan	Aztec capital at modern-day Mexico city	194
4836821190	quipu	Incan set of knotted strings used to keep records and for accounting	195
4836821191	Temple of the Sun	Incan temple in Cuzco	196
4836821192	Machu Picchu	Incan temples	197
4836821193	Bubonic Plague (Black Death)	started in Asia in the fourteenth century and killed nearly one-third of Europe's population	198
4836821194	First Crusade	initiated by Pope Urban in 1096 CE in response to the success of the Seljuk Turks, who took control of the Holy Land; done in an attempt to gain Jerusalem and to unite the Roman Catholic Church with the Eastern Orthodox Church	199
4836821195	humanism	the focus on human endeavors	200
4836821196	Medici	family in Florence that ruled the city and turned it into a showcase of architecture and art	201
4836821197	Machiavelli	published The Prince in 1517; suggested that a monarchy should be distinct from the church and that a leader should act purely in self-interest of the state rather that morally	202
4836821198	Erasmus	counceled kings and popes; wrote In Praise of Folly	203
4836821199	Sir Thomas More	English; wrote Utopia about an ideal society	204
4836821200	William Shakespeare	considered one of the most famous European writers from this time; his works exemplified humanism and classicism	205
4836821201	indulgence	a piece of paper the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory	206
4836821202	Martin Luther	a German monk that nailed 95 theses to a church door in 1517, outlining his frustrations with the current Church practices	207
4836821203	Pope Leo X	pope who ordered Luther to recant his theses	208
4836821204	Lutherans	Luther's followers who began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church	209
4836821205	John Calvin	from France; led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination	210
4836821206	King Henry VIII	declared himself the head of religious affairs in England when the pope denied an annulment of his marriage	211
4836821207	Church of England (Anglican Church)	church founded by Henry VIIi	212
4836821208	Catholic Reformation (couter-reformation)	reformation of the Catholic church against the Protestant Reformation	213
4836821209	Ignatius Loyola	Spanish soldier and intellectual who founded the society of Jesuits	214
4836821210	Jesuits	practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation	215
4836821211	Council of Trent	a group of church officials that presided over the counter-reformation, dictating and defining the Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine	216
4836821212	Nicolaus Copernicus	developed a mathematical theory that asserted that the Earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun	217
4836821213	The Index	a list of banned heretical works	218
4836821214	Galileo	asserted that the Earth revolved around the sun	219