AP World History- Unit 3 Flashcards

5428711782	Buddhism	came to china over the silk roads. It is a religion that desires to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana	0
5428711783	Chan Buddhism	An influential branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis of intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study	1
5428711784	Daoism	Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of noncompetition	2
5428711785	Dunhuang	Oasis in modern western China that became a site of Buddhist missionary activity	3
5428711786	Equal field system	Chinese system during the Tang dynasty in which the goal was to ensure an equitable distribution of land	4
5428711787	Grand canal	One of the world's largest waterworks projects before modern times	5
5428711788	Hangzhou	Capital of the Southern Song dyansty	6
5428711789	Heian Japan	A brilliant cultural era notable for the world's first novel, Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji	7
5428711790	Kamakura Period(1185-1333 CE) & Muromachi period(1336-1573 CE)	Japan decentralized political order in which provincial lords wielded effective power and authority in local regions where they controlled land and economic affairs	8
5428711791	Li Bai	One of the most popular poets of the Tang era, famous for his commentary on Chinese social life	9
5428711792	Mahayana Buddhism	The "greater vehicle" a more metaphysical and more popular northern branch of Buddhism	10
5428711793	Nara Japan	Centered on the city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese Influence	11
5428711794	Neo-Confucianism	Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought	12
5428711795	Nirvana	Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated	13
5428711796	Porcelain	Lighter, thinner and adaptable	14
5428711797	Samurai	A Japanese warrior	15
5428711798	Shinto	It is defined as an action-centered religion, focused on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.	16
5428711799	Shogun	Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor	17
5428711800	Silla dynasty		18
5428711801	Song dynasty	It was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society	19
5428711802	The Tale of Genji	Japanese literary works written during the Heian period by the aristocratic woman Murasaki Shikibu	20
5428711803	Tang dynasty	An imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty	21
5428711804	Tang Taizong	Chinese emperor of the Tang Dynasty	22
5428711805	Uighurs	Turkish tribe	23
5428711806	Wuwei	Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world	24
5428711807	Wu Zhao	Concubine of Emperor Tang Taizong, who seized imperial power for herself in 690 after Taizong became debilitated	25
5428711808	Xuanzang	Seventh century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist texts	26
5428711809	Zhu Xi	Neo-Confucian Chinese philosipher	27
5428711810	Abbasid dynasty	Cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty that replaced the Umayyads; founded by Abu al-Abbas and reached its peak under Harun al-Rashid	28
5428711811	Abu-Bakr	First caliph after the death of Muhammad	29
5428711812	Al-Andalus	Islamic Spain	30
5428711813	Allah	G-d of the monotheistic religion of Islam	31
5428711814	Bedouin	Nomadic Arabic tribespeople	32
5428711815	Caliph	"Deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad	33
5428711816	dar al-Islam	The "house of Islam," a term for the Islamic world	34
5428711817	Five Pillars of Islam	The foundations of Islam: 1. Profession of faith 2. prayer 3. fasting during Ramadan 4. almsgiving 5. pilgrimage or hajj	35
5428711818	hadith	a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran.	36
5428711819	hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca	37
5428711820	hijra	Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calendar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith	38
5428711821	Islam	Monotheistic religion announced by the prophet Muhammad; influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture	39
5428711822	jihad	a war or struggle against unbelievers.	40
5428711823	jizya	Tax in Islamic empires that was imposed on non-Muslims	41
5428711824	Ka'ba	main shrine in Mecca, goal of Muslims embarking on the hajj	42
5428711825	madrasas	Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century	43
5428711826	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam	44
5428711827	Muslim	A follower of Islam	45
5428711828	qadis	Islamic Judge	46
5428711829	Quran	Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad	47
5428711830	Rubaiyat	"Quatrains," famous poetry of Omar Khayyan that was later translated by Edward Fitzgerald	48
5428711831	sakk	Letters of credit that were common in the medieval Islamic banking world	49
5428711832	sharia	The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians form the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life	50
5428711833	Shia	Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali	51
5428711834	Sufi	Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules	52
5428711835	Sunni	"Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared with the Shiite belief that only a descendant of Ali can lead	53
5428711836	ulama	Islamic officials, scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Quran and the Sharia	54
5428711837	umma	Islamic term for the "community of the faithful"	55
5428711838	Ummayad dynasty	Arabic dynasty, with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east	56
5428711839	Angkor	Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom that was centered on the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat	57
5428711840	Axum	African kingdom centered in Ethiopia that became an early and lasting center of Coptic Christianity	58
5428711841	bhakti movement	Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam	59
5428711842	caste system	class structure that is determined by birth.	60
5428711843	Chola kingdom	Southern Indian Hindu kingdom, a tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade	61
5428711844	dhows	Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian Ocean basin	62
5428711845	emporia	a principal center of commerce; a market.	63
5428711846	guru Kabir	A blind weaver who became the most important teacher in the Bhakti movement, which sought to harmonize Hinduism and Islam	64
5428711847	Harsha	was an Indian emperor who ruled North India	65
5428711848	Mahmud of Ghazni		66
5428711849	Majaphit	Southeast Asian kingdom centered on the island of Java	67
5428711850	Melaka	Southeast Asian kingdom that was predominantly Islamic	68
5428711851	Ramanuja	Hindu theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete,	69
5428711852	Shankara	a philosopher and theologian[5] from India who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.[1] He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism.[6][7][8]	70
5428711853	Shiva	Hindu god associated with both fertility and destruction	71
5428711854	Srivijaya	Southeast Asian kingdom, based on the island of Sumatra, that used a powerful navy to dominate trade	72
5428711855	Vijayanagar kingdoms	Southern Indian kingdom that later fell to the Mughals	73
5428711856	Vishnu	Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna	74
5428711857	Aegean Sea	Sea located between the mainlands of modern Greece and Turkey	75
5428711858	Byzantine Empire	Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire, carried the legacy of Roman greatness, and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian	76
5428711859	Carolingian dynasty	Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne	77
5428711860	caesaropapism	Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church-versus-state controversy in medieval Europe	78
5428711861	Charlemagne		79
5428711862	Constantinople		80
5428711863	Corpus iuris civilis	Body of the Civil Law, the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law	81
5428711864	Franks		82
5428711865	Greek fire	Devastating incendiary weapon used mainly at sea by Byzantine forces in the 7th and 8th CE	83
5428711866	Hagia Sofia	Massive Christian church constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque	84
5428711867	iconoclasm	Destroying religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful	85
5428711868	Justinian		86
5428711869	Louis the Pious	Only surviving son of Charlemagne, who held his father's empire together until his sons split it up after his death in 843	87
5428711870	Magyars	Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and tenth century	88
5428711871	missi dominici	"Envoys of the lord ruler," the noble and church emissaries sent out by Charlemagne	89
5428711872	missionaries		90
5428711873	monasticism		91
5428711874	Odovacer	Germanic general who deposed Romulus Augustus in 476 CE, thus bringing about the end of the western Roman Empire	92
5428711875	papacy		93
5428711876	Patriarch	Leader of the Greek Orthodox church, which in 1054 officially split with the Pope and the Roman Catholic church	94
5428711877	Pope Gregory I		95
5428711878	schism	Mutual excommunication of the Roman Pope and Byzantine Patriarch in 1054 over ritual, doctrinal and political differences between the two Christian chruches	96
5428711879	St. Basil	Byzantine Christian reformer who prepared regulations for monasteries emphasizing poverty, charity and chastity	97
5428711880	St. Benedict		98
5428711881	St. Scholastica		99
5428711882	theme system		100
5428711883	Theodora		101
5428711884	Vikings	A group that raided the British Isles from their home at Vik in southern Norway	102
5428711885	Chinggis Khan		103
5428711886	Ghaznavid Turks	Turkish tribe under Mahmud of Ghazni who moved into northern India in the eleventh century and began a period of greater Islamic influence in India	104
5428711887	ilkhanate of Persia	Mongo state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the 13th century	105
5428711888	Jurchen		106
5428711889	Karakorum		107
5428711890	khan		108
5428711891	khanate of Chaghatai		109
5428711892	Khanbaliq		110
5428711893	khans of the Golden Horde		111
5428711894	Khubilai Khan		112
5428711895	Khwarazm shah	Ruler of Afghanistan and Persia in 1218, when Chinggis Khan sought to trade with his realm. After Khwarazm shah murdered Chinggis Khan's envoys	113
5428711896	kumiss	An alcoholic drink of the nomadic groups of Central Asia made of fermented mare's milk	114
5428711897	Manichaeism	Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century , a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements	115
5428711898	Mongols		116
5428711899	Osman		117
5428711900	Ottoman empire	Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople(Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent	118
5428711901	Seljuq Turks		119
5428711902	shamans	Religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers and who communicated with the gods and the spirits of nature	120
5428711903	sultan		121
5428711904	Tamerlane		122
5428711905	Temüjin	Mongol conqueror who later took the name Chinggis Khan, "universal ruler"	123
5428711906	Yuan dynasty	Chinese dynasty that was founded by the Mongo ruler	124
5428711907	yurts	Tents used by nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes	125
5428711908	age grades	Bantu institution in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age	126
5428711909	bananas		127
5428711910	Bantu peoples	African peoples who originally lived in the area of present day Nigeria;	128
5428711911	Benin		129
5428711912	camels		130
5428711913	gold trade		131
5428711914	Great Zimbabwe	Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the 15th century	132
5428711915	griots	Professional singers, historian, and story-tellers in sub-Saharan Africa	133
5428711916	Ife		134
5428711917	Islamic slave trade		135
5428711918	Jenne-jeno	Settlement in the middle Niger River region in Africa that flourished from the 4th to the 8th centuries. Known for Iron production	136
5428711919	Kebra Negast		137
5428711920	Kilwa		138
5428711921	kin-based societies		139
5428711922	kingdom of Ghana		140
5428711923	kingdom of Kongo	Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500	141
5428711924	Koumbi-Saleh	Important trading city along the trans-Saharan trade route from the 11th century to the 13th century	142
5428711925	Mali empire	West African kingdom founded in the 13th century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Masu	143
5428711926	Mansa Musa		144
5428711927	Sundiata	Founder of the Mali empire, also the inspiration for the Sundiata, an African literary and mythological work	145
5428711928	Swahili	East African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade. Also a Bantu language of East Africa, or a member of a group who speaks this language	146
5428711929	Timbuktu		147
5428711930	trans-Saharan trade		148
5428711931	Zanj revolt		149
5428711932	Zimbabwe	Former colony of southern Rhodesia that gained independence in 1980	150
5428711933	battle of Manzikert		151
5428711934	Bogomils	Bulgarian group active in the 10th and 11th centuries that believed in rejecting the material world and extreme asceticism	152
5428711935	Capetian	Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet	153
5428711936	Cathars	medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensian, who considered the material world evil; their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence	154
5428711937	cathedral schools		155
5428711938	chivalry	European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor	156
5428711939	crusades		157
5428711940	Dominicans	An order of mendicants founded by St. Dominic whose purpose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities	158
5428711941	Eleanor of Aquitaine	Aristocratic woman from the city of Poitiers, modern France, who supported poets and entertainers known as troubadours	159
5428711942	Franciscans	An order of mendicants founded by St. Francis whose purpose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities	160
5428711943	Frederick Barabossa	Medieval emperor with lands in modern southern Germany who tried and failed to conquer Lombardy in modern Italy	161
5428711944	guilds		162
5428711945	Hanseatic League		163
5428711946	Holy Roman Empire		164
5428711947	Investiture Contest	One aspect of the medieval European church-versus-state controversy, the granting of church officials	165
5428711948	Marco Polo	Italian merchant whose account of his travels to China and other lands became legendary	166
5428711949	Normans		167
5428711950	Otto I		168
5428711951	pilgrimages		169
5428711952	Pope Urban II		170
5428711953	relics	Physical remains of saints or religious figures assembled by churches for veneration	171
5428711954	reconquista	Crusade, ending in 1492, to drive the Islamic forces out of Spain	172
5428711955	Saladin	Muslim leader and crusader who recaptures Jerusalem from the Christians	173
5428711956	scholasticism	Medieval attempt of thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of greek philosophy	174
5428711957	St. Thomas Aquinas		175
5428711958	three estates	The three classes of European society, composed of the clergy #1, the aristocrats #2 and the common people #3	176
5428711959	troubadors	A class of traveling poets and entertainers enthusiastically patronized by Medieval aristocratic women in modern southern France and northern Italy	177
5428711960	William the Conqueror		178
5428711961	aboriginal peoples		179
5428711962	ali'i nui	Hawaiian class of high chiefs	180
5428711963	ayllu		181
5428711964	Aztec empire	Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the 15th century during he reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I	182
5428711965	calpulli		183
5428711966	chinampa	Agricultural gardens used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots	184
5428711967	Chimu	Pre-Incan South American society that fell to Incas in the 15th century	185
5428711968	Chucuito	Pre-Incan South American society that rose in the 12th century and fell to the Incas in the 15th century	186
5428711969	Cuzco		187
5428711970	Huitzilopochtli	Sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs	188
5428711971	Inca empire	Powerful South American empire that would reach its	189
5428711972	Inti		190
5428711973	Iroquois	Eastern American Indian confederation made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes	191
5428711974	Itzóatl		192
5428711975	kapu	Hawaiian concept of something being taboo	193
5428711976	Maori	Indigenous people of New Zealand	194
5428711977	marae	Polynesian temple structure	195
5428711978	Mexica		196
5428711979	Motecuzoma I		197
5428711980	Nan Madol		198
5428711981	Navajo		199
5428711982	Polynesians		200
5428711983	Pueblo		201
5428711984	Quecha		202
5428711985	Quetzalcóatl	Aztec god, the "feathered serpent," who was borrowed originally from the Toltecs; Quetzalcoatl was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to return	203
5428711986	quipu	Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different-colored strings and knots that served to record events in the absence of a written text	204
5428711987	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, later Mexico city	205
5428711988	Teotihuacan	Central American society; its Pyramid of the Sun was the largest structure in Mesoamerica	206
5428711989	Tezcatlipoca		207
5428711990	Toltecs	Central American society that was centered on the city of Tula	208
5428711991	Tula	Original region of the Toltec people, located to the northwest of modern Mexico city	209
5428711992	Viracocha		210