Chapter 33: The Great War: The World in Upheaval Flashcards

1350288965	Self-Determination	Promoted intensely by President Woodrow Wilson -Believed it was the key to international peace and cooperation Diplomats violated the notion because they found it impossible to redraw national boundaries in accordance with nationalist aspirations without creating large minorities on one side or the other of a boundary line	0
1350288966	Pan-Slavism	A movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice	1
1350288967	Triple Alliance	In 1879 the government of Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Dual Alliance, a defensive pact that ensured reciprocal protection of a Russian attack from any other power Italy, fearful of France, joined the Dual Alliance in 1882 Also known as the Central Powers	2
1350288968	Triple Entente	A combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies Originated in a series of agreements between Britain and France (1904) and Britain and Russia (1907) that aimed to resolve colonial disputes	3
1350288969	Schlieffen Plan	Based on a strategy developed in 1905 by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen Called for a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia	4
1350288970	Total war	A war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of all available resources and population. Less differentiation between combatants and non-combatants than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as nearly every human resource, combatants and non-combatants alike, can be considered to be part of the belligerent war effort.	5
1350288971	Kaiser Wilhelm II	...	6
1350288972	Tsar Nicholas II	1868-1917 Championed oppression and police control To deflect attention from domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements, the tsar's government embarked on expansionist ventures in east Asia Executed with family in 1917	7
1350288974	Western Front	Opened by the German army by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France. Trenches ran from the English Channel to Switzerland	8
1350288976	Trench Warfare	A form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.	9
1350288977	Stalemate	A situation in which no one can win Refers to trench warfare	10
1350288979	No-man's-land	Barbed wire proved highly effective in frustrating the advantage of soldiers Strewn with shell craters, cadavers, and body parts In every sector of the western front, those who fought rarely found glory- they encountered death	11
1350288981	Verdun	1918 Fought on the western front between the French and German soldiers Over 500,000 died in this battle alone	12
1350288983	Home Front	The term expressed the reality that the outcome of the war hinged on how effectively each nation mobilized its economy and activated it noncombatant citizens to support the war effort	13
1350288985	Mustard Gas	A liquid agent that, when exposed to air, turned into a noxious yellow gas, hence its name The effects did not appear from some 12 hours after exposure, but then it rotted the body within and without- after blistering the skin and damaging the eyes, the gas attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane Death occurred in 4-5 weeks	14
1350288987	Vladimir Lenin	1870-1924 Revolutionary Marxist Viewed the industrial working class as incapable of developing the proper revolutionary conscious that would lead to effective political action Headed the Bolsheviks	15
1350288989	Bolsheviks	Russian communist party led by Vladimir Lenin The radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party	16
1350288991	Petrograd	Modern-day St. Petersburg	17
1350288993	Soviets	An elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union	18
1350288995	"Peace, Land, Bread"	Most famous slogan capitalized by the Bolsheviks "All power to the Soviets"	19
1350288997	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	Signed by Bolshevik rulers with Germany on 3 March 1918 Gave the Germans possession or control of much of Russia's territory (Baltic States, the Caucasus, Finland, Poland, and the Ukraine) and one-quarter of its population The terms of the treaty were harsh and humiliating, but taking Russia out of the war gave the new government an opportunity to deal with internal problems	20
1350288998	Lusitania	A British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.	21
1350288999	Easter Rebellion	An armed insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland, seceding from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and establishing an independent Irish Republic at a time when the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I.	22
1350289000	Weimar Republic	is the name given to the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government.	23
1350289001	Influenza Pandemic	One of the worst pandemics ever recorded in history No one knows its origins or why it disappeared in mid-1919, but by the time this virus vanished, it had left than 20 million dead Killed more people than the Great War	24
1350289002	Fourteen Points	Woodrow Wilson's postwar vision had subsequently promoted the defeated Central Powers to announce their acceptance of his proposal as the basis for the armistice Key among his points were covenants (agreements) for peace, open;y arrived at; absolute freedom of navigation on the seas in peace and war; the removal of economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations; adequate guarantees for a reduction in national armaments; adjustments of colonial disputes to give equal to the interests of the colonial disputes to give equal weight to the interests of the controlling government and the colonial population; and a call for "a general associations of nations"	25
1350289003	Big Four	The top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 following the end of World War I Composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France	26
1350289004	Mustafa Kemal/ Kemal Ataturk	Known as "Father of the Turks" Instituted an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and secularism The policy resulted in the replacement religious with secular institutions of education and justice, the emancipation of women, including their right to vote, the adoption of European-derived law, Hindu-Arabic numerals, the Roman alphabet, and Western clothing	27
1350289005	League of Nations	Made an integral part of the peace treaties, and every signatory to a peace treaty had to accept this new world organization The US never joined the organization because the US Senate rejected the idea	28
1350289006	Mandate System	The League of nations divided mandates into 3 classes based on the presumed development of their populations in the direction of fitness for self-government Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles established a system of Mandates to administer former colonies and territories.	29
1350289007	USSR	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	30
1350289008	Treaties of Versailles, Neuilly, Sevres, St. Germain, and Trianon	1. Ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers 2. Required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. 3. The peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I 4. Signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other- it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States 5. The peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and the Kingdom of Hungary- regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders	31
1350289009	Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand	1914 One of the sparks that led to WWI Murder of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary While Ferdinand was on his way to the hospital, Gavrilo Princip lunged at his car and fired a revolver	32
1350289010	German submarine sinks the Lusitania	1915 Germany justified the attack by stating, correctly, that the Lusitania was an enemy ship, and that it was carrying munitions. It was primarily a passenger ship, however, and among the 1,201 drowned in the attack were many women and children, including 128 Americans.	33
1350289011	Japan makes 21 Demands on China	1915 The terms of the ultimatum, if accepted, would have made China a protectorate of China Reflected Japan's determination to dominate East Asia and served as the basis for future Japanese pressure on China	34
1350289012	Gallipoli Campaign	1915 The British high command decided to land a combined force of English, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand soldiers on the beaches of the Gallipoli Peninsula The campaign was a disaster	35
1350289013	Battle at Verdun and the Somme	1918 Fought on the western front between the French and German soldiers Over 500,000 died in this battle alone	36
1350289014	US declaration of war on Germany	1917 Wilson cited Germany's violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and its attempts to entice Mexico into an alliance against the United States, as his reasons for declaring war.	37
1350289015	Bolshevik Revolution	1918 Removed Russia from WWI Russian communist party led by Vladimir Lenin The radical wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party	38
1350289016	Paris Peace Conference	...	39
1350289017	Ataturk proclaims Republic of Turkey	...	40