APWH: Chapter 35: An Age of Anxiety Flashcards

4007165154	Lost Generation	1900's: The Lost Generation refers to the label given to writers of post war times by Gertrude Stein. Writers of the lost generation expressed the disillusionment caused by war devastation and gave the realistic image of war to people, which had been destruction. The significance of the Lost Generation is that the writers provided a realistic image of the horrors of society living during and after war, facing death and destruction.	0
4007165826	Decline of the West	Early 1900's: German school teacher wrote and published 'The Decline of the West' from 1918 to 1922. In his book, he expressed the ideas of all societies going through a cycle of growth and decay, that Europe was a society reaching its final stage of existence, the world was doomed, and that the root of ll these problems was war and imperialism. His writing models an obituary of Europe, and he inspired other writers to express post war feelings.	1
4007166481	Uncertainty Principle		2
4007166482	Sigmund Freud	1856-1939: Freud had been a medical doctor in Vienna when he decided to study psychology. He had wanted answers to mental disorders, dealing with the conscious and unconscious, and wanted to study the mechanism that keeps a mind functioning, especially when repressing memories and past life events. Freud used religion, literature, and politics to understand how the mind works, and came to conclude that things like sexual drives were a cause of the repression of memories/thoughts. His studies became known as 'psychoanalysis', being one of the few scientists who did this. He also influenced later writers to use his studies to focus emotion and memory into their works.	3
4007167549	Contemporary Painting	1900's: Contemporary painting differed from the previous method of painting that included photo-like quality, since cameras had come into use. These artists became known as expressionists, cubists, abstractionists, dadaists, and surrealists. Works consisted of unrecognizable objects, simply shape and color. Artists used shape and color to evoke emotion depending on what the emotion was, influenced by Freud's studies, and other countries culture such as Africa, Japan, and Latin America. These art forms would also influence reformation in architecture/design.	4
4007167550	The Bauhaus	1900's: The Bauhaus was an institution of artists, designers, and architects. Designers were seeking a new way of construction to live up to the modern society. Walter Gropus had become the first director, Ludwig M. Van Der Rohe the second. The look of this new type of construction was mostly glass, with steel framing, giving a modern look. The significance of this new type of construction was that it became the basis of the construction of skyscrapers, which first appeared in the U.S. cities of New York and Chicago.	5
4007169373	The Crash of 1929	1929: By the 1920's, the U.S. had been in an era of prosperity. High production and developments had led to surpluses and wealth. The prices of goods went down, and farmers began to fall into poverty as they no longer had the means to maintain a moderate standard of living. People had also begun to invest in the stock market, but as economists observed a worldwide economic slowdown, investors were warned. The panic of this economic slowdown caused panic at the New York Stock Exchange, and on Oct. 24th, stock values fell dramatically. This stock market crash led to thousand suffering the loss of their life savings, and 11 financiers were driven to suicide. Loans were called in as banks no longer extended time for payers, and people began to sell their stocks at any price. The significance of this stock market crash is that it led to major economic problems, for the U.S., and countries dependent on U.S. exports.	6
4007170696	Economic Nationalism	1930's: Gov't began to focus on individual resource and promote self sufficiency by tariff barriers, quotas, prohibition. However, the plan backfired, as it caused retaliation by countries affected by tariff barriers, causing a 66% decrease in world trade, and no real improvement in income.	7
4007170697	John Maynard Keynes	1883-1946: Keynes had been an economist who had presented a solution to economic problems, as capitalist ideas were failing and economic revision was needed. In 1936, Keynes developed the Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money". Keynes encouraged the gov't to increase capital resource by decreasing interests and investing. He also encouraged the undertaking of public works projects, which Keynes believed would create employment for civilians, and it would result in and increase in demand, and direct decrease of unemployment. Even though not being widely popular, former U.S. President FDR had used similar ideas in reforming the economy. Keynes had provided a safeguard towards the collapse of banks, est. minimum wages and social security, est. by FDR.	8
4007171856	Red Terror	Early 1900's: The Red Terror refers to the destruction of opposition to the communist cause. By then, Lenin and the Bolsheviks had introduced communism to Russia, but had been facing opposition. In fear of the Whites (against communism) restoring the old regime, the Romanov family was eliminated and the secret police captured 200K people suspected of opposition. A total of 10 mill. lost their lives, and war communism emerged.	9
4007171857	New Economic Policy	By 1917, Vladimir Lenin had come to power in Russia, leading the socialist revolution, and the Bolshevik Party; looking to repair the devastation in Russia caused by WWI. However, the socialist caused faced much opposition and Lenin and the Bolsheviks had transformed Russia into a dictatorship, as Lenin tried to achieve peace and control. By 1921, Lenin had decided t end war communism, as he saw the need to achieve peace with workers and increase production. As a result, Lenin implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP), which temporarily restored the market economic and private enterprise in Russia. While large industries, communication and transportation facilities remained under government control, small-scale industries were allowed private ownership, but had to employ fewer than twenty workers. The gov't also allowed peasants to sell their surplus at a free market price. The new economy also implemented a program of electrification and established technical schools to train technicians and engineers. The plan did bring some success, but Lenin did not live long enough to see it. The significance of the new economic plan is that it proved difficult to bring success and restore lives to a desirable level without a ruling of some kind, and the allowing of some aspects of capitalism.	10
4007238084	Joseph Stalin	By the early 1920's, Russia had undergone economic transformation under Lenin and the Bolshevik Party. Lenin had implemented the New Economic Policy, but had not lived long enough to see it bring success to Russia. Joseph Stalin, who lived from 1879-1953, had served the position of a general secretary to Lenin, and promoted Socialism. By 1928, Stalin had made himself a prominent figure in Russia and no longer had any competition in the struggle for power after Lenin's death. Stalin decided to replace Lenin's NEP with his plan for rapid development that became known as the First Five-Year Plan. He had implemented it in 1929, with aims of transforming the Soviet Union into a leading industrial power. This plan generated controversy as the Communist Party prepared for its seventeenth congress in 1934. The ruthlessness with which the plan had been being carried out had created doubts over Stalin's administration. Stalin then initiated the Great Purges eliminating anyone who opposed him. The significance Stalin had in Russia was transforming Russia into a totalitarian rule, even though propaganda said otherwise.	11
4007323513	First Five Year Plan	The First Five Year Plan was implemented in Russia in 1929, by Joseph Stalin. By then, Stalin had risen to power after Lenin's death, and had established almost unrealistic goals of rapid economic development. The main goal of this plan was to make Russia a leading industrial power. The plan set targets for increased production in all areas of the economy, emphasizing heavy industry, and especially making sure there was progression in the steel and machinery industry, even at the expense of consumer goods. Through, Gosplan, the central state planning agency, Stalin and the party attempted to coordinate resources and the labor force on an unprecedented scale. The attempts presented a plan for centralization of the entire national economy, and an alternative to market capitalism. Stalin stressed the urgency of this plan, delivering the message of either succeeding or falling under. A major part of this new economic organization was the collectivization of agriculture. The state had expropriated private property to make collective/cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers. Collectivization was viewed as a mean of increasing efficiency of agricultural production. The plan also set unrealistically high target rates of productivity, and still, the soviet union claimed success after four years. The gov't constructed steel works and hydroelectric plants. The significance of this plan was that it generated controversy, led to ruthlessness against kulaks, people of the wealthy middle class who did not want to give up private ownership of their land to the gov't, and as opposed by farmers, who slaughtered their livestock and burned their crops in retaliation.	12
4007475760	The Great Purge	The Great Purger took place in the 1930's, at the order of Joseph Stalin, who had taken power in Russia and had established the First Five Year Plan, which had faced opposition and controversy. As the Communist party prepared for its seventeenth congress, Stalin learned of a plan to bring more pluralism into leadership. Stalin then incited a civil war within the party that led to highly publicized trials of former Bolshevik elites for treason and a purge of two thirds of the delegates. Between 1935-38, Stalin removed from the posts of authority all persons suspected of opposition, including two thirds of the members of the Central Committee and more than half of the army's high ranking officers. Victims faced executions of long term punishments such as being put into forced labor camps. Three million died a s result of 'cleansing'. The significance of this purge is that it defined the ruthlessness of Stalin and caused reactions of fear, admiration, and contempt.	13
4007539210	Fascism	Fascism began to emerge in the 1920's. It had developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and socialist communism. Political and economic frustration caused by the devastation of war led to the development of Fascism in Italy, Germany, Japan, China, South Africa, Arab lands, and Latin America, however, remaining only a phenomenon in Europe. Fascism attracted followers from the middle class population, rural population, and nationalists because of radicalization caused by economic and social crises. Ideas held by fascism were that the role of the state was to subordinate the individual, claim indisputable authority, oppose liberal democracy, and emphasize chauvinism. Fascism also held the idea of nationalism, which emphasized xenophobia, exaggerated ethnocentrism, and view borders as artificial restraints between people of the same race. Militarism also declared that fascist regimes maintain large and expensive military establishments, organize public life along military lines, and show fondness of uniforms, parades, and monumental architecture.	14
4007814376	Benito Mussolini	Benito Mussolini emerged during the early 1900's. After the Great War, Fascism had begun to emerge in Italy, and Mussolini became its driving force. Mussolini had been a socialist from 1912 to 1914, and an editor for Italy's leading socialist daily 'Avanti!'. After the Great War, Mussolini initiated a political program that emphasized nationalism, repression of socialists, and a call for a strong political leader. In 1919, Mussolini established the Italian Combat Veteran League. By 1921, Mussolini and his ICVL were able to appoint 35 fascists to the Italian parliament. Public support was a result of the oppression of socialists by the Blackshirts, who were armed squads. The socialist party had also established militant strikes, causing much chaos. Italy then entered into a civil war. On Oct. 28th, Mussolini's followers staged a march on Rome. The next day, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to become prime minister and form a new gov't. Beginning in 1935, Italy's fascists consolidated power by creating a legal basis that would turn Italy into a dictatorship. The new dictatorial regime eliminated other political parties, crushed labor unions, prohibited strikes, est. anti-Semitic laws, outlawed free speech and association, silenced political dissent, and tried to est. a corporatist order. The significance of Mussolini and his rise to power is that it would lead to Italy falling under the same rule as Germany, and entering the Pact of Steel w Hitler.	15
4008040667	Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party	1923: Made first appearance when party members and Hitler attempted to overthrow the democratic Weimar Republic that had replaced the German Empire in 1919. The Nazi movement was later forgotten while Hitler was imprisoned, and revived after Hitler was released and began to obtain their power through the ballot box. Nazis promised the bringing of success to Germany, and established racial doctrines. They also avoided class divisions, even though their promises of success appealed most to the lower classes. By 1930, Nazi Party became the largest in the parliament, and Hitler was offered the chancellorship. Nazis imposed their rule through eliminating all opposition, suppressing German communism, abrogated civil rights, outlawed any other political party, created a highly centralized state, destroyed trade unions, eliminated collective bargaining, prohibited strikes and lockouts, purged the judiciary and civil service, took control of police force, and removed enemies through murder or incineration. Nazi regime also enforced racial ideology, launched campaign to increase numbers of racially valuable children, eliminated/sterilized those who had hereditary conditions/illnesses and those who were handicapped. Enforced strict Antisemitism. The significance of the Nationalist Socialist German Worker;s Party was that it established a ruthless dictatorship in Germany, placing its entire society under strict rules, otherwise face death or suffering.	16
4008042137	Mein Kampf	Mein Kampf was written by Adolf Hitler in 1924. The title meaning "My Struggle" Hitler writes about his philosophy regarding the Aryan race, and also expressing discrimination towards Jews. He believed cross breeding between superior and inferior people went against the will of nature, and that it presented an obstacle in the higher development of society and progression. It also placed Jews as an obstacle to the Aryan race. The significance of this writing is that it became the foundation of the Nazi regime.	17
4008043421	Anti-Semitism	Antisemitism is the term used to refer to prejudice against Jews, which had taken place in Hitler's Germany during the 1900's. Antisemitism had become a major part of the Nationalist Socialist regime in Germany. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazis initiated systematic measures to suppress the German Jewish population. Gov'ts even used religious descent to determine whether or not someone was a Jew, even though Antisemitism had been based on biological racial theories. In 1935, the est. of the Nuremberg Laws deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and other Germans. The Nazi Party, along w the gov't also worked to expropriate wealth from the Jews and eliminate their lives in the economy. This persecution of Jews is significant because it led to Germany losing leading intellectuals, artists, and scientists.	18
4008045822	'Kristallnacht' ("Night of Broken Glass")	Kristallnacht refers to the arrangement of the destruction of Jewish stores, burning of synagogues, and murder of 100+ Jews by the Nazi Party, which took place between Nov. 9 and 10 in 1938. The significance of these events is that it delivered the message of the extermination of Jews in Germany, or at least a dramatic decline.	19