AP World History TEST Review Flashcards

4403238269	Audiencia	royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies	0
4403243448	Viceroyalties	major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king	1
4403246182	Creoles	people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies	2
4403247986	Peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World	3
4403250535	Factories	trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Euopeans	4
4403252533	Indies Piece	a unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult slave	5
4403256092	Middle Passage	slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience	6
4403264712	Ottomans	Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the middle east	7
4403267850	Mehmed II	"the Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople	8
4403274538	Janissaries	conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions	9
4403275965	Safavid Dynasty	founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic Beliefs; established kingdom in Iran	10
4403279992	Mughal Dynasty	established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid 19th century	11
4403285255	Sikhs	indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule	12
4403290715	Asian Sea Trading Network	divided from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival; an Arab zone, Indian zone, Chinese zone	13
4403293001	Zheng He	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423	14
4403299445	Population Revolution	huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization	15
4403302139	American Revolution	rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States	16
4403304935	French Revolution	overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789	17
4403307800	Louis XIV	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution	18
4403309959	Declaration of the Rights of man and of the Citizen	adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements	19
4403315598	Guillotine	introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals	20
4403318347	Napoleon Bonaparte	army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution	21
4403321288	Liberalism	political ideology that flourished in 19th century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government	22
4403326750	Radicals	followers of a 19th century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals	23
4403332239	Socialism	political ideology in 19th century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class	24
4403338574	Nationalism	European 19th century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of nation unity	25
4403345041	James Watt	devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for the production in many industries	26
4403348002	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him	27
4403349907	Camillo di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont	28
4403354753	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871	29
4403357987	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitibility of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship	30
4403364355	Feminist movements	sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women	31
4403369091	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	32
4403373233	Albert Einstein	formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles	33
4403376036	Romanticism	19th century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature	34
4403381536	Triple Alliance	alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before WWI	35
4403384380	Triple Entente	agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before WWI	36
4403389213	Sepoys	Indian Troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British	37
4403391024	Raj	the British political establishment in India	38
4403393642	White Dominion	a type of settlement colony--as in North America and Australia--where EUropean settles made up the majority of the population	39
4403400689	Boer War	fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control	40
4403404630	Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810	41
4403408071	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia	42
4403414939	Caudillos	leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government	43
4403417661	Centralists	Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with borad powers	44
4403420668	Monroe Doctrine	United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act	45
4403428177	Mahmud II	19th century Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents	46
4403431970	Muhammad Ali	controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt	47
4403435996	Suez Canal	built to link the Mediterranean and Read seas; opened in 1869	48
4403440063	Opium War	fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority in China	49
4403445831	Boxer Rebellion	popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers	50
4403450407	Holy Alliance	alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna	51
4403455635	Decembrist Uprising	unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms	52
4403460399	Crimean War	began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of the Western industrial might	53
4403467250	Trans-Siberian Railroad	constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia	54
4403472820	Russo-Japanese War	1904; Russian expansion into northern CHina leads to war; rapid Japanese victory followed	55
4403477053	Bolsheviks	literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin	56
4403485326	Archduke Ferdinand	Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; POP POP SOFIAAAAAA!!!!!	57
4403490980	Western Front	war line between Belgium and Switzerland during WWI; Featured trench warfare	58
4403493485	Eastern Front	war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians and Balkan nation fought	59
4403498619	Gallipoli	WWI battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardanelles	60
4403500930	Armenian Genocide	launched by Young Turk Leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives	61
4403505309	Submarine Warfare	a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during the WWI; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war	62
4403514653	Armistice	November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities	63
4403516158	Woodrow Wilson	American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations	64
4403518713	Treaty of Versailles	ended WWI; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories	65
4403521662	Rowlatt Acts	placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the MontaguChelmsford reforms	66
4403530092	Mandates	governments entrusted to victorious European WWI nations over the colonies of the defeated powers	67
4403533012	Zionism	European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine	68
4403537996	Fascism	political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs	69
4403543800	Henry Ford	introduced the assembly line in 1913; allowed semiskilled workers to put products together through repetitive operations	70
4403547735	Soviet	council of workers; seized government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution	71
4403552561	Aleksander Kerensky	liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917	72
4403559473	Supreme Soviet	communist-controlled parliament of the U.S.S.R.	73
4403560945	Joseph Stalin	Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance	74
4403564476	May Fourth Movement	acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during WWI led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy	75
4403568795	Chiang Kai-shek	leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949	76
4403573509	Mao Zedong	Communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976	77
4403579850	Long March	Communist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province	78
4403583075	Totalitarian State	a 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Italy, Germany and USSR	79
4403587446	New Deal	President Franklin Roosevelt's program to combat economic depression	80
4403589441	Gestapo	German secret police under Hitler's Nazi regime	81
4403592536	Spanish Civil War	civil war between republican and autocratic supporters in Spain	82
4403596376	Nazi Party	founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany	83
4403597582	Blitzkrieg	German term meaning lightning warfare	84
4403599446	Battle of Britain	British defeat of the Nazi air offensive	85
4403600724	Holocaust	Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews died	86
4403604284	Battle of the Bulge	Failed Nazi effort in 1943-1945 to repel invading allied armies	87
4403606484	Pearl Harbor	American naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan in December 1941	88
4403608459	United Nations	Global organization, founded by the Allies following WWII	89
4403609908	Muslim League	Indian organization that emerged at the end of WWII; backed Britain in the war	90
4403614001	Cold War	struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia	91
4403617314	Harry Truman	US president who presided over the end of WWII and the beginnings of the cold war	92
4403620394	Iron Curtain	term coined by Churchill to describe the divisions between the Western and communist nations	93
4403625453	Marshall Plan	1947 US program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements	94
4403627785	Warsaw Pact	the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites	95
4403645574	Green Movement	rise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth	96
4403648028	New Feminism	a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes	97
4403652944	Third World	term for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world	98
4403655836	Liberation theology	combination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor	99
4403658670	Favelas	Brazilian term for shantytowns	100
4403665708	Neocolonialism	continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers	101
4403667184	Apartheid	Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority	102
4403672410	Nelson Mandela	ANC leader imprisoned by AFrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994	103