Classical Period AP World History Flashcards

5024874497	3rd century crisis	A series of weak emperors and under pressure from a growing number of raids by nomadic people across Roman borders	0
5024874498	Minoan Civilization	On the island of Crete controlled most of the area by about 1600 BCE (replaced by the Mycenaeans)	1
5024874499	Mycenarans	Part of the great trade network of the late bronze age (fell around 800 BCE)	2
5024874500	Phoenicians	Reestablished contact between greece and the middle east	3
5024874501	Polis	City-state	4
5024874502	Monarchies	Hereditary rule by one	5
5024874503	Oligarchies	Rule by few	6
5024874504	Aristocracies	Rule by leading families	7
5024874505	Democracies	New form of popular government	8
5024874506	Tyrants	A ruler that takes advantage of there power (every tyrant is a ruler but not every ruler is a tyrant)	9
5024874507	Cleisthenes	An aristocrat in Athens that came in control after a rebellion and experimented with democracy	10
5024874508	Phonetic alphabet	A system of 22 written marks (letters) that corresponded to a sound in the spoken language. Developed by the Phoenicians	11
5024874509	Helots	Messenia's people becoming servants of Sparta	12
5024874510	Hoplites	Greek farmers that were called in by the government to meet military needs	13
5024874511	Secularism	Affairs of this world, led them to seek answers to the dilemmas of human existence in philosophy	14
5024874512	Natural law	Forces in nature that cause phenomena to occur	15
5024874513	Socrates	First philosopher to focus on ethical questions and truth-seeking regarding human nature, understandings and relationships	16
5024874514	Plato	Student of Socrates, wrote about his mentors arrest conviction and forced suicide for "poisoning" the minds of athen youth	17
5024874515	Aristotle	Plato's student who was interested in practically every field of human endeavor	18
5024874516	Acropolis	is an ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and containing the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon	19
5024874517	Classical age	a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.	20
5024874518	Hellenic culture	ancient Greek history, culture, or art before the Hellenistic period. See Hellenic defined for English-language learners	21
5024874519	Cyrus the great	First Persian warrior-king	22
5024874520	Satraps	Persian representatives; governors that were responsible for collecting tribute, providing soldiers, and keeping order.	23
5024874521	Marathon	Battle in 490 BCE Greeks defeat Persia	24
5024874522	Xerxes	Darius successor	25
5024874523	Delian league	An alliance Athens formed with other city-states	26
5024874524	Pericles	Most influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age— specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.	27
5024874525	Peloponnesian war	(431-404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta. With Sparta winning, both were still majorly weakened, they were conquered by Macedonia	28
5024874526	Alexander the Great	was a King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, member of the Argead dynasty. Wikipedia	29
5024874527	Hellenistic age	a period in history defined as the time between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Roman domination. During this time, Greek culture was dominant throughout the Mediterranean, thus the name Hellenistic, which is derived from the Greek "Hellas" which means Greece.	30
5024874528	Hellenistic synthesis	Hellenistic culture mixed with other cultures, creating cosmopolitan societies connected by trade and Greek culture	31
5024874529	Senate	Composed of patricians and plebeians	32
5024874530	Patricians	Aristocrats who passed their positions down to their sons	33
5024874531	Plebeians	Commoners who made up about 90% of the population	34
5024874532	Consuls	Elected from among the members of the senate for one-year terms that were not to be repeated	35
5024874533	Tribunes	an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests.	36
5024874534	Julius Caesar	a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.	37
5024874535	Triumvirate	(Rule of three)1. (in ancient Rome) a group of three men holding power, in particular ( the First Triumvirate ) the unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus in 60 BC and ( the Second Triumvirate ) a coalition formed by Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian	38
5024874536	Battle of actium	the decisive confrontation of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the city of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus vetus in Greece.	39
5024874537	Augustus Caesar	the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family. Wikipedia	40
5024874538	Princeps	First citizen	41
5024874539	Equites	A class of Italian merchants and landowners who helped run the roman empire	42
5024874540	Law of twelve tables	the earliest code of Roman civil, criminal, and religious law	43
5024874541	Pax Romana	the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.	44
5024874542	Patron-client relationship	a mutually obligatory arrangement between an individual who has authority, social status, wealth, or some other personal resource (the patron) and another person who benefits from his or her support or influence (the client).	45
5024874543	Punic wars	a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place.	46
5024874544	Diocletian	a Roman emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. Wikipedia	47
5024874545	Constantine	was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman army officer, and his consort Helena. Wikipedia	48
5024874546	Warring states period	A time of political turmoil with regional warlords constantly challenging the authority of the Zhou	49
5024874547	Laozi	An influential Chinese philosopher and founder of daoism	50
5024874548	Daoism	A belief on acceptance and individual retreat from society	51
5024874549	Legalism	Belief that humans were naturally evil and would only obey authority through force	52
5024874550	Confucianism	the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	53
5024874551	Shi huangdi	the King of the state of Qin who conquered all other Warring States and united China in 221 BC.	54
5024874552	Great Wall of china	A defensive wall that was begun during the Qin dynasty	55
5024874553	Terra cotta army	a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.	56
5024874554	Han wudi	the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141 to 87 BC.	57
5024874555	Forbidden city	Where only the emperor, his family, servants and closest advisors were allowed in	58
5024874556	Scholar-gentry	were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty.	59
5024874557	Calligraphy	Artistic rendering of the written word, a skill that is highly prized in Chinese society	60
5024874558	Caste	A social class of hereditary and usually unchangeable status	61
5024874559	Varna	A Sanskrit word meaning color; to refer to their social classes	62
5024874560	Varna social class	・Brahmins- highest social class: the priest and scholars ・Kshatriyas- warriors and government officials ・Vaishya- landowners, merchants, and artisans ・Shudra- common peasants and laborers	63
5024874561	Jati	Birth groups; each with its own occupation, duties and rituals	64
5024874562	Vedas	Religious texts that were passed down from generation to generation of Aryans in the form of hymns, songs, prayers and rituals honoring the aryan gods	65
5024874563	Rig Veda	a sacred Indo-Aryan collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns still being used in India. It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism	66
5024874564	Upanishads	The aryan religion blended with beliefs of the Dravidians	67
5024874565	Reincarnation	The rebirth of a soul after the body dies	68
5024874566	Atman	The human spirit	69
5024874567	Hinduism	A belief in karma and social order	70
5024874568	Buddhism	a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. Buddhist practices like meditation are means of changing yourself in order to develop the qualities of awareness, kindness, and wisdom.	71
5024874569	Siddhartha Gautama	The founder of Buddhism	72
5024874570	Ashoka	The third and greatest ruler of the mauryan empire	73
5024874571	Mauryan dynasty	a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in ancient India, ruled from 322-185 BCE.	74
5024874572	Gupta empire	Found by Chandra Gupta a powerful area in upper India	75
5024874573	Stirrup	Gave an advantage in battle to lead the horses while fighting	76
5024874574	Lateen sail	Triangular sail with squared off points	77
5024874575	Attila	the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453	78
5024874576	Desertification	The expansion of the Sahara desert that dried out their agricultural lands	79
5024874577	Oceania	is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.	80
5024874578	Cleopatra	Last active pharaoh of Egypt	81
5024874579	Mark Antony	was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire	82
5024874580	Virgil	An ancient Roman poet; the author of the Aeneid, one of the great epics of Western literature.	83
5024874581	Polytheism	A belief in many gods, with each God having a specialty, usually related to nature	84
5024874582	Universalizing religion	a religion that attempts to operate on a global scale and to appeal to all people wherever they reside, compared to an ethnic religion which primarily attracts one group of people living in one place.	85
5024874583	Ethnic religions	Create strong bonds among people but had little emphasis on converting outsiders to their faiths (ex. Judaism, Daoism, Confucianism, Hinduism)	86
5024874584	Monotheism	Belief in one God	87
5024874585	Hebrew Bible	Information about the Hebrews their beliefs, events, and people from early history	88
5024874586	Abraham	Founder of Judaism	89
5024874587	Diaspora	Scattering of Hebrews because of conquers that that spread them to other parts of the earth	90
5024874588	Jesus of Nazareth	A Jewish prophet and teacher that Christians regard as the son of god	91
5024874589	Karma	A destiny that has been shaped by years of cause and effect, that is outwardly revealed by and individuals caste or station life	92
5024874590	Dharma	Set of duties that the individual must fulfill	93
5024874591	Moksha	Reunion with the universal spirit, a rare, but highly prized goal	94
5024874592	Paul	One of the twelve men to follow Jesus and the most responsible for the rapid growth of Christianity	95
5024874593	Vishnu	A supreme deity, the preserver	96
5024874594	Shiva	A supreme deity, the destroyer	97
5024874595	Mudras	Hand signals	98
5024874596	Mahabharata	Worlds longest poem that contains Hindu beliefs	99
5024874597	Ramayana	A poem that demonstrates the fulfillment of Dharma	100
5024874598	Bhagavad-Gita	A story in the Mahabharata about the warrior Arjuna, who strove to treat other human beings well, while fulfilling his dharma	101
5024874599	Nirvana	Union with the universal spirit; can be reached through the four noble truths and eightfold paths	102
5024874600	Eightfold path	Composed of eight steps that must be mastered one at a time	103
5024874601	Four noble truths	・all of life is suffering ・all suffering is caused by desire for things that ultimately won't fulfill us ・desire can only be overcome by ending all desire ・desire can only be ended by following the eighthfold path	104
5024874602	Boddhisatva	A person who had taken the the eightfold path and reached perfection but had delayed entering nirvana in order to help others along the way	105
5024874603	Analects	Confucius teachings	106
5024874604	Yin-yang	Principle of opposite forces in harmony	107
5024874605	Reciprocity	The notion that people give and take equally within the context of five basic relationships of society	108
5024874606	Xiao	Filial piety is the devotion of the individual to family and the strong ties that hold families together	109
5024874607	Ren	Kindness and benevolence	110
5024874608	Li	A sense of propriety requires people to treat one another according to convention and emphasis on orderly rituals that demonstrates respect and reciprocity in relationships	111
5024874609	Judaism	the monotheistic religion of the Jews.	112