AP World History - Chapter 14 Flashcards

3899862475	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	0
3899862476	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.	1
3928125325	Columbian exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	2
3928125326	Conquistadores	Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.	3
3928128826	Constantinople, 1453	Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	4
3928131152	Creoles	Spaniards born in the Americas.	5
3928132881	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	6
3928132882	Fixed winds	The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible.	7
3928134969	Great dying, the	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.	8
3928134970	Jizya	Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing the jizya for a time.	9
3928137029	Mercantilism	An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.	10
3928137030	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	11
3928140644	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	12
3928143249	Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	13
3928143250	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	14
3928145519	Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.	15
3928145520	Plantation complex	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.	16
3928151133	Qing dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.	17
3928151134	Settler colonies	Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.	18
3928153559	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	19
3928153577	Yasak	Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.	20
3928187632	Zunghars	Western Mongol group that created a substantial state (1671-1760); the Zunghar threat provoked Qing expansion into Central Asia.	21