AP World History Review Flashcards

2142003374	Cultural Diffusion	The spread of cultural elements from one society to another	0
2142005727	Neolithic Revolution	(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.	1
2142008370	Agricultural Revolution	A period in time in which peoples across the globe began to switch from Hunter-Gatherer societies to Farming and Domestication (raising animals). The Agricultural Revolution seems to have started 9,000 years ago, and led to a sharp increase in Human populations (better, more stable and available food). This led to the development of villages, then town and cities, and the beginning of civilizations.	2
2142010603	Bronze Age	a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze	3
2142013672	City-States	"A central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life."	4
2142014414	Mesopotamia	A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.	5
2142016272	Sumerian Civilization	An early urban-based hydraulic civilization, which formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers more than 5,000 years ago. Located in present-day Iraq.	6
2142017520	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods	7
2142018155	Ziggurats	A temple tower of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories.	8
2142018894	Akkad	"Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states	9
2142023391	Babylon	..., the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia	10
2142026725	Code of Hammurabi	A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.	11
2142029256	Hitties	1600-1200 BCE. Created their own empire in western Asia. First people to use iron so enabled them to construct weapons that were stronger and cheaper. The kingdom weakened in 1200 BCE.	12
2142029936	Assyrians	Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire	13
2142032134	Nineveh	Assyria's capital along the Tigris river	14
2142033720	Nebuchadnezzar	King of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia	15
2142039345	Persian Empire	(550-330 BCE) Rose under Cyrus. Conquested Egypt, spanned over Asia, Africa and Europe, and present middle day Middle-East. Collapsed due to internal problems, war and economic turmoil	16
2142042566	Great Royal Road	built by Persians to improve transportation and communication across the vast empire - stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea	17
2142043246	Lydians	First people to come up with a coin system to conduct trade Asia Minor, developed kingdom that was known for their rich gold deposits, Bater no more! began to set prices, were the first people to make a type of currency-gold coins	18
2142045292	Barter System	a system of exchange in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services without the use of money.	19
2142049230	Phoenicians	A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E).	20
2142049908	Hebrews	A smaller early civilization whose development of a monotheistic faith that provided the foundation of modern Judaism, Christianity, and Islam assured them a significant place in world history	21
2142052472	Egyptian Civilization	Emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, it featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized it.	22
2142056336	King Menes	According to legend it was this person who united Upper and Lower Egypt	23
2142057504	Pharaohs	Ancient Egyptian monarchs; believed to be part god	24
2142060034	Hieroglyphics	An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds	25
2142061900	Queen Hatshepsut	Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.	26
2142063438	Indus Valley Civilizaion	An ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys from 2600-1900 BCE.	27
2142065725	Khyber Pass	Is a mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Pass was an integral part of the ancient Silk Road and throughout history, it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location.	28
2142068194	Mohenjo-Daro	Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India	29
2142268968	Harappan Civilization	An ancient civilization that developed along the Indus River.	30
2142269377	Aryans	Nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system.	31
2142270048	Hinduism	A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system.	32
2142270675	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	33
2142271194	Brahmans	One of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; the PRIESTLY CLASS (in charge of the religious ceremonies that were so important in Indian society)	34
2142271834	Shang China	Earliest known Chinese civilization. Rose in the Yellow River Valley, lasted from 1600 - 1100 BCE. Devised a decimal system, highly accurate calendar, and was powerful, yet isolated, believing themselves to be the center of the world.	35
2142273033	Patriarchal Society	A society where the father is the head of the family. Southern families became more patriarchal when families became more secure. This dampened some of the power the female population in the South had.	36
2142273784	Zhou Dynasty	(1050BC-400BC) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants.	37
2142274523	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory developed during the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the the right to rule from divine authority.	38
2142309296	Bureaucracies in China I	...	39
2147348553	Bantu Migrations	The Bantu expansion was a millenia long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving tocommunities and small groups moving to new areas. Bantu-speakers developed novel methods of agriculture and metalworking which allowed people to colonize new areas with widely varying ecologies in greater densities than hunting and foraging permitted.	40
2147350357	Jenne-Jeno	One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.	41
2147351905	Chavin Civilization	American civilization, located on the Peruvian coast and known for jade work and a complex trade system	42
2147352781	Olmec Civilization	An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E.	43
2147352783	Tikal	The most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.	44
2147355838	Chichen Itza	Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).	45
2147361738	Mayan Civilization	dominated southern Mexico and parts of Central American from 300 B.C. from 800 B.C. Their civilization was a collection of city states ruled by the same king. Constructed pyramids, used hieroglyphics, developed a complex calendar system, and built tremendous cities.	46
2147373805	Mauryan Empire	185 BCE, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India	47
2147375215	Chandragupta Maurya	He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.	48
2147380377	Ashoka Maurya	The emperor who strengthened his control on his bureaucracy and built Pataliputra. He also supported Buddhism and built many statues and pillars to announce laws. His death sent the Mauryan Empire into decline.	49
2147383575	Buddhism	A religion in which Buddha's teachings that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation).	50
2147384930	Siddhartha Guatama	A prince who founded Buddhism, and gave up his power to become enlightened.	51
2147385769	Eight-Fold Path	Eight steps to end suffering according to Buddhist tradition. 1- Right Conduct, 2- Right Speech, 3- Right means of livelihood, 4- Right knowledge, 5- Right intention, 6- Right effort, 7- Right mindfulness, 8- Right concentration	52
2147388765	Four Noble Truths	1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path	53
2147389864	Theravada	"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.	54
2147391218	Hinayana	Branch of Buddhism known as the "lesser vehicle," also known as Theravada Buddhism; its beliefs include strict, individual path to enlightenment, and it is popular in south and southeast Asia.	55
2147392548	Mahayana	"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.	56
2147394103	Rock and Pillar Edicts	Buddhist laws written by Ashoka reminding Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives.	57
2147397374	Chandra Gupta the Great	The ruler who revived the Mauryan Empire under the Gupta Empire. Ruled from 375 to 415 CE.	58
2147400192	Gupta Empire	Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism	59
2147402892	Arabic Numerals	A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today.	60
2147403700	Great Wall of China	A gigantic sprawling wall in China that was originally 300 forts built during the Qin dynasty.	61
2147404721	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)	62
2147405580	Legalism	Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws	63
2147407481	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	64
2147409915	Xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)	65
2147410715	Wu Ti	Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, (140-87 BCE); promoted peace; supported Confucianism; Conducted trade with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East. He also conducted the FIRST Civil service examinations in the world.	66
2147412588	Polis	A city-state in ancient Greece	67
2147412589	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	68
2147414750	Sparta	A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.	69
2147416262	Persian Wars	5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define their identity.	70
2147417410	Golden Age of Pericles	The period after the Persian Wars during which Greece enjoyed peace and prosperity under the leadership of Pericles. The Parthenon was made during this time, philosophy and the arts flourished during this age.	71
2147418154	Pericles	Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.	72
2147428171	Delian League	(478-477 BC) A confederation that formed when Athens stepped in to provide new leadership against the Persians	73
2147435014	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.	74
2147435927	Plato	(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.	75
2147436849	Aristotle	(384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.	76
2147439060	Homer	Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)	77
2147447434	Peloponnesian War	(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.	78
2147448144	Macedonians	Under the rule of Philip of Macedon, this group invaded Athens from the North and conquered the entire region. They would encourage Greek culture to flourish, however.	79
2147452189	Alexander the Great	(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.	80
2147453933	Antigonid Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Greece and Macedon after Alexander's death.	81
2147455386	Ptolemaic Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.	82
2147456531	Seleucid Empire	The Hellenistic empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after Alexander's death; founded by Seleucus.	83
2147457296	Hellenism	A culture that was a blend of Greek ideas and the traditions of Africa and Asia in ancient times	84
2147459496	Patricians	A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.	85
2147459497	Plebians	Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	86
2147461088	Twelve Tables of Rome	codified Roman laws; included concept of "innocent until proven guilty"; the codification of Roman law during the republic	87
2147461508	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	88
2147464119	Roman Empire	An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire	89
2147465642	Carthage	An ancient city in north Africa, established by traders from Phoenicia. It was a commercial and political rival of Rome for much of the third and second centuries B.C. The general Hannibal attempted to capture Rome by moving his army from Spain through the Alps, but he was prevented and finally defeated in his own country. At the end of the Punic Wars, the Romans destroyed this city, as the senator Cato had long urged.	90
2147466952	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	91
2147467825	Hannibal	Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.	92
2147470385	Julius Caesar	100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.	93
2147482145	Caesar Agustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Ceaser who emerged as sole ruler of the roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war	94
2147488322	Paganism	Any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman world, an umbrella term for ancient mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity.	95
2147489014	Jewish Diaspora	Beginning with Rome's destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., the scattering of Jewish people throughout Europe and western Asia.	96
2147491302	The Torah	First five books of the Hebrew Bible, most sacred writings in their religion and Christians kept them as the "Old Testament" in the Christian Bible, added the New Testaments about Jesus.	97
2147491844	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	98
2147492621	Diocletian	(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. Heavily persecuted Christians.	99
2147503256	Constantine	(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.	100
2147513182	Constantinople	A city established as the new eastern capital of the Roman empire by the emperor Constantine in A.D. 330.	101
2147515015	Attila the Hun	A king of the Huns in the fifth century. His forces overran many parts of central and eastern Europe. His armies were known for their cruelty and wholesale destruction. He was called the "scourge of God."	102
2147517527	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire.	103
2147521154	Ramses II	A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.	104
2147523627	Darius	521-486 B.C.E., added new Persian province, conquered Thrace in Europe, invaded Greek mainland, divided government into 20 provinces, made Persia into largest empire at the time	105
2147525750	Cyrus the Great	(died 529 BC) King of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire; he defeated the Median army and united the Persians and Medians under his rule.	106
1064724939	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	107
232350982	Muslims	Those who practice the religion of Islam; believe in one God, and the prophet Muhammad whom they believe God spoke through.	108
26242765	Mohammed	570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book.	109
585986613	Qu'ran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.	110
427674719	Five Pillars of Islam	1) Allah is only God 2) prayer to Mecca 3) Fasting during Ramadan 4) Zakat (charity) 5) The Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	111
873256176	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	112
146183774	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	113
892556966	Abu Bakr	Companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpreter of dreams following Muhammad's death.	114
770293483	theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	115
567748916	caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.	116
2152217	Umayyad Dynasty	661-750; Dynasty that tried to take Constantinople, twice; Muslim's spread all the way into Europe; called Moors in Spain; lost the Battle at Tours; tolerated other religions if you paid the jizya	117
694628465	Charles Martel	"The Hammer" the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.	118
488076445	Dome of the Rock	Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock	119
796745432	Shiite Islam	Muslims of the Islam branch that believed God's leadership line was a descendant of Muhammad's son in law, Ali. Ismail, the Shah of Iran, declared his people to practice this religion in 1502.	120
652344749	Sunni Islam	A faction of Islam that does not believe Ali and his hereditary line are the chosen successors, rather contending that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of people.	121
924690756	Abbasid Dynasty	Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted about two centuries that had about 150 years of Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's sons.	122
561630752	Baghdad	Abbasid moved the capital to here because it sits on the Tigris River and trade and agriculture thrived here	123
696104658	Mohammed al-Razi	Known as Rasis, was a Persian Muslim, a prominent figure in the Islamic Golden Age.	124
184112805	Sufis	A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	125
782766271	mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	126
918271442	Ottoman Turks	Asian people who conquered Constantinople in the 1300s and established a large empire	127
529357247	Middle Ages	500 AD-1500 AD A period of turmoil following the collapse of the Roman Empire.	128
783852990	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	129
601238132	Orthodox Christianity	A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire, after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia.	130
818425658	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	131
482307111	Justinian Code	A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire	132
31208731	Hagia Sophia	Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.	133
31208811	Franks	A group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis.	134
15775545	King Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom	135
728436522	Merovingian Dynasty	Family that ruled the Franks from the 500s to the 700s (before the Carolingian Dynasty); The kingdom of Clovis and Charles Martel spread Christianity throughout France and expanded its territories.	136
644133595	Carolingian Dynasty	A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987.	137
188327200	Charlemagne	800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe	138
282813159	Holy Roman Empire	A Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in a.d. 800 (or, according to some historians, with the coronation of Otto the Great, king of Germany, in a.d. 962) and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806, and was regarded theoretically as the continuation of the Western Empire and as the temporal form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope.	139
237353377	Otto the Great	(912-973) King of Germany (936-973) and Holy Roman Emperor (962-973); he defeated the Magyar army, which ended the Magyar raids in the mid-900s.	140
59118744	Treaty of Verdun	843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms	141
1011195282	Vikings	Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia	142
302469789	Magyars	Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary	143
148602002	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	144
321697270	nobles	People of high birth, such as dukes and earls. In Medieval Europe, they were the people who lived in the castles.	145
106309363	vassals	lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity	146
377538710	peasants	A small farm owner or farm worker	147
134795977	fiefs	Pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	148
229433786	manors	Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land	149
31372817	Chivalry	Code of conduct for knight and nobles during European feudalism.	150
858365453	Primogeniture	A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.	151
84959490	serfs	Could not be bought or sold but their labor belonged to the lord.	152
840670862	burghers	Merchant class town dwellers	153
329414759	Hanseatic League	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.	154
910554887	Crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	155
199034279	heresies	Beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings.	156
114619446	Pope Innocent III	(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)	157
264442281	The Inquisition	A Court created in the Catholic church to discover and deal with heretics (also called the Holy Office)	158
737241694	Thomas Aquinas	(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology	159
18084652	William the Conqueror	Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England.	160
271226170	Magna Carta	(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom	161
302626943	King Hugh Capet	King of France, First of the Capetians; son of Hugh the Great; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy-unsettled at his death-over disposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims	162
260176034	Joan of Arc	(c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king	163
337349848	Hundred Years' War	(1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.	164
677463987	Bourbons	A series of monarchs of France that unified it after the Hundred Years' War. It became a major power on the European continent at this point.	165
70333661	Queen Isabella	Queen of Spain who gave Columbus the ships and sailors to sail to the new world.	166
934063603	King Ferdinand	King of Spain who sponsored Columbus' journey to New World	167
194303925	Spanish Inquisition	A terrifying period of interrogation regarding heresy, in which many people were tortured, convicted and killed. This was spurred by fear of witches, heretics, Jews, and Muslims and was a byproduct of the reconquista.	168
230521524	Tatars	Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact.	169
994794010	Ivan the Terrible	(1533-1584) Earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.	170
483565056	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	171
734994824	Emperor Xuanzong	Emperor of the Tang Dynasty who expanded it into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea.	172
438297330	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder.	173
67816265	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureaucrats.	174
182829443	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	175
533343100	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor	176
876830007	movable type	Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century.	177
724586434	Wu Zhao	Empress who was known for being a female with power, as they were often powerless. In 649, she strangled her daughter and blamed it on the current empress for being jealous over who had a child and who didn't. The emperor dumped his old wife for the liar. After he died, she assumed full power in 683. Strong leader, daughter of a Chinese general, first to select graduates of civil service examinations for highest government positions, formed alliance with Korea, lowered taxes. 625-705	178
460048253	Yamato Clan	Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE. Japan	179
478220289	Shinto	"the Sacred Way" or "the way of the Gods", the Japanese state religion among its doctrines are the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation	180
667396986	Prince Shotoku	Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period... promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks	181
139362081	Taika Reforms	Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	182
444778963	Fujiwara Family	Ruling family in the 11th century where the central government power began to fall and feudal landowners began to dominate lands. The countryside was lawless and very dangerous at the time.	183
444322335	shogun	Commander of the Japanese army in ancient and feudal times. At times more similar to a duke and/or a military dictator.	184
865995631	daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.	185
11929999	Code of Bushido	"The Way of the Warrior". Samurai Code of Conduct: Loyalty, Bravery, Honor. Those who broke the Code had to commit ritual suicide called Seppuku.	186
57289357	Delhi Sultanate	A Muslim leader of Ghur who defeated Hindu armies made Delhi, the third largest city of India, his capital.	187
833756037	Mongol Empire	An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.	188
758396172	Golden Horde	A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia.	189
875154813	Kublai Khan	(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.	190
39976551	Timur Lang	Sometimes referred to as Tamerlane. A man of the Mongol Empire who ruthlessly conquered India. Destroyed almost everything and massacred thousands.	191
473537059	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile ca. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	192
414242774	Axum	A city located 400 miles southeast of Meroë. In A.D. 350 King Ezana of Axum conquered Kush. It was the capital of a kingdom located in a rugged plateau region of eastern Africa called Ethiopia.	193
800601546	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic Swahili, meaning 'shores.'	194
321585279	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca (1324) and established trade routes to the Middle East.	195
235258622	Sonni Ali	West African Monarch who ruled Songhai from 1464 to his death in 1492. Known by all as one of the great military commanders, he is remembered in some stories as a wise and tolerant ruler, and a cruel dictator in others. Also remembered for having a 400 ship river based navy that controlled the trade along the entire Niger River.	196
384265858	Benin Plaques	collection of more than 900 brass plaques from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin	197
293191078	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	198
78625315	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.	199
169879406	Machu Picchu	Incan city,built of stone not from the mountain it's on,crossbeam at the entrance weighs several tons,still standing	200
596052174	Bubonic Plague	Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people	201
532747327	Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	202
489708859	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	203
532747328	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	204
1029996802	Treaty of Tordesillas	1494 divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west	205
558319100	Ferdinand Magellan	(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.	206
183443847	lateen sails	Large triangular sails that are attached to the masts by long booms or yard arms which extend diagonally high across both the fore and aft portions of the ship.	207
607175211	astrolabe	An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets	208
440300540	magnetic compass	Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation instrument used for determining direction.	209
818696909	Hernan Cortes	1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico	210
31079581	Montezuma	Aztec chieftain; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.	211
942988304	Francisco Pizarro	A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him and took over the Inca empire	212
627507719	peninsulares	100 percent Spanish, Spanish born government and church officials who made up the upper class in the Spanish-controlled Americas	213
811430751	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	214
168207667	Age of Exploration	Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.	215
586942006	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	216
586942007	Zheng He	(1371-1433) An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	217
903839812	Qing Dynasty	(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,	218