World History AP Flashcards

2070923411	Neolithic Age	Named for new stone tools Transition to settled communities about 10,000 BCE Evident in use of ceramics City development meant class hierarchies Appeared in Fertile Crescent Domestication of plants and small animals (goats and sheep)	0
2070973038	Sumer	First city was Sumer in Mesopotamia Dominated Mesopotamia for nearly a millennium Religious leaders ruled in conjunction with kings Temples called ziggurats reflect power Divine power of kings Epic of Gilgamesh and Code of Hammurabi	1
2070983184	River Valley Civilizations: Egypt	"Gift of the Nile" Economy based on cereal agriculture Wrote on papyrus Rosetta stone containing 3 types of writing helps decipher Unification 3100 BCE No independent city-states Akhenaten Monotheistic worship of Aten, built Akhetaten	2
2070988319	River Valley Civilizations: Indus River Valley	Two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Writing not decipherable No monumental buildings No evidence of social stratification First use of cotton, trade connections over broad area Succeeded by Aryan civilization	3
2070991978	China	Xia, Shang and Zhou early dynasties Center on Huang He (Yellow River) Class distinctions Hierarchical and patriarchal Cities as religious centers Human and animal sacrifice Oracle bones as early writing Zhou developed "Mandate of Heaven" Zhou ended into "Warring States Period"	4
2070997235	Mesoamerica & South America	Early cities were religious shrines linked by shamans to world of spirits Built on lakes, not river systems Range of irrigation techniques Andean civilization connected mountains to coast	5
2071000892	Niger River Valley	Results of innovation and diffusion Iron smelting as diffusion from Phoenicians Bantu migrations carried iron knowledge thousands of miles south Jenne-jeno Indigenous city in Sub-Saharan Africa Cooperative, peaceful society without class division	6
2071006085	Imperialism	Extension of political rule by one people over another Growth through conquest Hegemony- promotion of benefits that make rule acceptable Requires power to enforce rule	7
2071009681	Early Empires	Mesopotamia Akkadians, Babylonians, Hittites, and Assyrians early invaders Egypt Conquered up and down Nile Invaded in turn by Nubians, Assyrians, Persian an Alexander the Great Persia Empire begins under Cyrus I Darius I extended into India and pushed Zoroastrianism Cyrus and Darius merciful towards defeated foes	8
2071012982	Greek City States	Greek polis centered on a single city Built for defense and geography (agora, acropolis) Athens Political democracy under Solon (commoners in government) Persian War temporarily united Athens and Sparta under Delian League Defeated in Peloponnesian War Macedonian Empire Began under Philip II, extended under his son Alexander Alexander extended into Indus Valley, troops mutinied Hellenistic ecumene	9
2071023305	Rome	Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome ended with annexation of Carthage Granted some citizenship to conquered peoples Patron-client relationship providing reciprocity Struggle of the Orders between plebeians and patricians Augustus turned Rome into an empire Influenced by Greek culture Military enforced by conquering peoples Pax Romana protected trade End of empire by barbarian invaders Under Constantine, Constantinople second capital of empire Later becomes Byzantine Empire	10
2071029656	China	Qin unified empire after Warring States Period Construction of Great Wall Favored legalism Han favored Confucianism Confucius canonized earliest historical texts (Book of Songs, Book of Changes, Rites and Rituals) Daoism (taught by Laozi) believe in natural order, embraced with Confucianism Sui completed Grand Canal linking Yangzi and Yellow Rivers Japan accepted cultural hegemony of China	11
2071035673	Confucianism & Daoism	Confucianism During Warring States period, from Confucius Meant to create order Maintenance of tradition for order Filial piety (patriarchal), veneration of ancestors Well-educated officials; Analects to train civil servants Support under Han Daoism During Warring States period, from Laozi Balance in nature (yin and yang) Following "the way" Politics and education unnecessary	12
2071039433	India	Aryan settlers named for Indo-Aryan language family Earliest sources of Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Mahabharata First Indian empire after ATG led by Chandragupta Maurya Asoka- Mauryan emperor who converted to Buddhism, closest to unifying entire Indian subcontinent Resurgence of Hinduism under Gupta Empire with power of brahmins	13
2071043450	Hinduism	Earliest lasting religion Confined mostly to Indian subcontinent Sacred texts provide insight Rig Veda- speculation on creation, gods, no answers, sanctions caste system Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras Brahamanas- rituals, myths, gods Upanishads- mystical speculation, teaching of atman, stages of life Bhagavad-Gita- dharma, warfare, life, death and rebirth Puranas- focus on Hindu gods, dance of Shiva cycle of creation and destruction	14
2071047446	Buddhism	Siddhartha Gautama reached enlightenment, preached 4 Noble Truths Sangha as order of monks Sects of Buddhism Mahayana and Theravada 8 sects in China Pure Land, Chan most important Emperor Wu made Buddhism official religion of Tang Dynasty 4 sects in Japan Zen Buddhism Coincided with Shinto	15
2071049738	Judaism	Single, caring God made covenant with Abraham TaNaKh sacred scriptures Women fewer rights than men Diaspora from holy land Earliest under Babylonians, longest lasting under Romans Maintained distinctiveness and community Division into Israel and Judea after Solomon Divided into 4 groups Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, and Essenes under Roman rule	16
2071052497	Christianity	Jesus' teachings emerged out of Judaism Angered Jewish and Roman leaders Apostles spread religion through preaching and organization Appeal to lower classes until conversion of Constantine Theodosius made Christianity official religion Division between east and west on central issue of authority of Roman pope Direct confrontation when Crusaders attacked Constantinople With stopping of Muslim invaders at Tours, made Christianity a "European" religion Charlemagne crowned HRE by Pope	17
2071057073	Islam	Begins with preaching of Muhammad after visions from Angel Gabriel Teachings in the Quran: 5 Pillars of Islam Issue of succession after Muhammad First caliph was Abu Bakr Shi'a wanted successors as relatives of Muhammad, Sunni wanted Umayyad clans 83% today are Sunni Mongols end Abbasid caliphate Islam spread to India, SE Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa Crusades called to take back the Holy Land from Muslims, motivation beyond religion	18
2071060346	Spread of Islam	Conquered Arabia Peninsula, Persia, spread into Egypt, Balkans and into North Africa, India, and Spain More concern of conquering than spreading religion Umayyad (Damascus) and Abbasid (Baghdad) end with Mongols Respect for "People of the Book" but high taxes Heightened trade, preserve ancient works, "Arabic numerals", astrolabe, astronomy, urban centers, architecture, Sufism Al-Andalus in Islamic Spain Stopped advance at Battle of Tours 732 SE Asia Delhi Sultanate Spread by commercial contacts Africa Across Sahara trade routes, Indian Ocean Ghana, Mali, East Africa Cultural syncretism	19