Pre-AP World History Flashcards

2056614637	Renaissance	rebirth	0
2056614638	Humanism	cultural movement that sought to revive the classics	1
2056614639	Secularism	concern for worldly, not religious, matters	2
2056614640	Utopia	a model society where greed, corruption, and war are nonexistent	3
2056614641	Thomas More	wrote Utopia; vocal critic of the Church; refused Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy and was executed	4
2056614642	Johann Gutenberg	a German who invented the movable type printing press in 1404	5
2056614643	John Calvin	religious theologian; founder of Calvinist thought; spiritual leader of Geneva, Switzerland; believed in predestination; one of the most powerful Christian reformers	6
2056614644	Henry VIII	King of England who married six times; known as the "Defender of the Faith"; issued the Act of Supremacy in order to divorce Catherine of Aragon	7
2056614645	Ignatius of Loyola	author of Spiritual Exercises; gathered followers called Jesuits; Jesuits spread Catholicism throughout Europe	8
2056614646	Martin Luther	became a monk after a near death experience; protested Johan Tetzel's selling of indulgences; nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Church	9
2056614647	Indulgence	a monetary gift for forgiveness	10
2056614648	Reformation	the action or process of reforming an institution or practice	11
2056614649	Protestant Reformation	a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church	12
2056614650	Edict of Worms	issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declaring Martin Luther a heretic	13
2056614651	Heretic	a person holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted; a liar	14
2056614652	Elizabeth I	restored Protestantism; was made the head of the newly set up Anglican Church; reformed the church to appeal to Catholics and Protestants	15
2056614653	Catholic Reformation	a counter reformation by the Catholics in order to keep members	16
2056614654	Council of Trent	council of the Roman Catholic Church that condemned the Reformation	17
2056614655	Scientific Revolution	the new way of thinking about the natural world	18
2056614656	Geocentric Theory	Earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it	19
2056614657	Heliocentric Theory	the sun is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it	20
2056614658	Galileo	early practitioner of the experimental method; law of inertia; improved the telescope and discovered moons, rings, and solar rotation; ordered to trial before the Roman Inquisition under the charges of heresy	21
2056614659	Brahe	recorded movements of the planets for many years; finished what Copernicus started	22
2056614660	Kepler	student of Brahe; mathematical proved Rudolphin Tables, thus proving Copernicus right	23
2056614661	Scientific Method	logical procedure for gathering information; includes experimentation, observation, hypothesis, etc.	24
2056614662	Enlightenment	Age of Reason	25
2056614663	Thomas Hobbes	came up with the social contract idea; believed that humans were naturally selfish and wicked; wrote the Leviathan; best form of government was absolute monarchy	26
2056614664	Leviathan	written by Thomas Hobbes	27
2056614665	Social Contract	people could give up some of their rights to a stray leader to escape wickedness and war	28
2056614666	John Locke	believed people are born with natural rights; when government imposes on rights, people have a right to overthrow the government; believed government's power came from the people (foundation of democracy)	29
2056614667	Philosophes	believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life	30
2056614668	5 Core Beliefs of Philosophes	reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty	31
2056614669	Voltaire	most brilliant and intellectual philosophy; advocated freedom of speech and religion; wrote over 70 books; used satire against his opponents	32
2056614670	Montesquieu	proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual from becoming too powerful (checks and balances); his ideas became the basis for the US Constitution	33
2056614671	Rousseau	published the Social Contract; argued that people were equal and titles of nobility should be abolished; committed to personal freedom; believed only good government was guided by the general will of society	34
2056614672	Mary Wollstonecraft	disagreed with Rousseau that women's education should be secondary to men; argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful to society; believed that women should be in politics	35
2056614673	Salon	wealthy homes where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and intellects would meet to discuss new ideas	36
2056614674	Diderot	created an encyclopedia (a large set of books with articles and essays from European scholars and intellects)	37
2056614675	Encyclopedia	a large set of books with articles and essays from European scholars and intellects	38
2056614676	Baroque	a very grand and ornate style (1600-1750)	39
2056614677	The Enlightened Despots	monarchs who accepted and implemented Enlightenment thought	40
2056614678	Thomas Jefferson	wrote the Declaration of Independence	41
2056614679	Declaration of Independence	based on the concepts of John Locke and other Enlightenment thought	42
2056614680	Bill of Rights	added to the Constitution as the first 10 Amendments	43
2056614681	Blockade	sealing off of a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving	44
2056614682	Old Regime	term given to the period when the French government consisted of an absolute monarch, 3 estates, and a legislative branch called the estates general	45
2056614683	Tennis Court Oath	signed and created by the National Assembly vowing that they wouldn't stop meeting until there was a French constitution	46
2056614684	Bourgeoisie	upper part of the 3rd Estate; moderately wealthy; professors, merchants, doctors, lawyers	47
2056614685	Louis XVI	king of France during the French Revolution	48
2056614686	Marie Antoinette	wife of Louis XVI	49
2056614687	National Assembly	3rd Estate; signed the Tennis Court Oath	50
2056614688	Robespierre	officer of the Committee of Public Safety; lead the Reign of Terror	51
2056614689	Reign of Terror	the period of time when Robespierre controlled the Committee of Public Safety; lasted from July 1793 to July 1794; 40,000 people died (majority were peasants)	52
2056614690	Émigré	the nobility who fled during the French Revolution	53
2056614691	Napoleon Bonaparte	military general who conquered most of Europe and created a 3 man consulate in France; reorganized government and society and created public schools to train the military; helped economy with the Bank of France, encouraged industry, and created public works	54
2056614692	Nationalism	pride, love, and devotion to one's country	55
2056614693	Sans-culottes	working class men and women	56
2056614694	Waterloo	Battle of Waterloo was the end of the Napoleonic Wars; French defeated by British Duke of Wellington; Napoleon exiled to St. Helena; died at age 51	57
2056614695	Battle of the Nations	Russia launched an invasion of France with allies Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden	58
2056614696	Congress of Vienna	European diplomats met at Vienna to discuss France and redraw boundaries	59
2056614697	James Watt	improved the steam engine and perfected the first efficient, practical one	60
2056614698	Richard Arkwright	invented the water frame	61
2056614699	Henry Bessemer	came up with the Bessemer process, which allowed steel to be made faster, cheaper, and stronger	62
2056614700	John Dalton	developed the modern atomic theory; showed how atoms combine to make all chemical substances	63
2056614701	Louis Pasteur	Germ Theory: proved the link between microbes and disease; developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax; discovered pasteurization	64
2056614702	Capitalism	an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state	65
2056614703	Communism	an economic and political system in which workers are paid based on abilities and needs; all property is publicly owned	66
2056614704	Karl Marx	wrote the Communist Manifesto; believed entire course of history was a struggle between the haves and the have nots	67
2056614705	Robert Fulton	improved Watt's steam engine to power the first steamboat	68
2056614706	Adam Smith	wrote The Wealth of Nations and advocated free enterprise driven by two natural laws: law of supply and demand and competition	69
2056614707	Factory	a building where goods are manufactured	70
2056614708	Tenement	multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments	71
2056614709	Otto von Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia in 1862; united the German states under Prussia; master of Realpolitik; strengthened the army in order to pursue an aggressive foreign policy; led Prussia to a series of 3 wars	72
2056614710	Giuseppe Garibaldi	created the "Red Shirts"; took Sicily and Naples; united his troops and conquered territory with Sardinia	73
2056614711	Giuseppe Mazzini	founded the nationalist group Young Italy; set the stage for nationalism	74
2056614712	William II	asked Bismarck to resign; provided services such as programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, and electricity; launched campaign to expand the navy to rival GB	75
2056614713	Imperialism	extending the rule of an empire or nation to a foreign country	76
2056614714	Extraterritoriality	the right to live under a native country's laws while in China	77
2056614715	Indemnity	war costs	78
2056614716	Conference of Berlin	conference deciding which nations would get what amount of land in Africa	79
2056614717	American resentment towards the British increased over what?	British expected the colonists to pay war costs from the French and Indian War; unpopular tax acts and trade restrictions	80
2056614718	The bourgeoisie belonged to what group?	3rd Estate	81
2056614719	How did Henry VIII react when the pope refused to grant an annulment?	created the Act of Supremacy; citizens must renounce the Pope's authority and accept Henry as the official leader of the Church	82
2056614720	Why did Martin Luther criticize the Church?	protested the selling of indulgences	83
2056614721	France's economy was mainly supported by who?	the 3rd Estate (they paid most of the taxes)	84
2056614722	What was the most important source of power for the Industrial Revolution?	steam	85
2056614723	What was the Great Fear?	France's worst famine caused by the political crisis of 1789	86
2056614724	What group led the way in the Agricultural Revolution?	Dutch	87
2056614725	What were the reforms of the Council of Trent?	the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final, and anyone opposing would be declared a heretic	88
2056614726	What were the causes of the American Revolution?	British expected colonists to pay war costs from the French and Indian War; unpopular tax acts and trade restrictions	89
2056614727	What was the Conference of Berlin?	meeting in Berlin to discuss European rule in Africa	90
2056614728	In what industry did the Industrial Revolution first take place?	textile	91
2056614729	The Declaration of Independence reflects whose ideas?	John Locke	92
2056614730	Where did the poor city dwellers live in the early 19th century?	tenements	93
2056614731	Why was Darwin's theory of Evolution so controversial?	it did not match up with the Biblical story of creation	94
2056614732	What was Otto von Bismarck most noted for?	united the German states under Prussia	95
2056614733	What was the result of the Franco-Prussian war?	Prussia defeated France and gained Alsace and Lorraine	96
2056614734	What were the terms of the Treaty of Kanagawa?	Japan would open up 2 ports, but not for trade; ships would be allowed to refuel and resupply; shipwrecked sailors would receive humane treatment; trade would be negotiated at a later date	97
2056614736	The Romantic Movement was a reaction against what?	the Enlightenment	98
2056614735	What feature of city life had the greatest impact on the poor?	sanitation	99
2056614737	What is Kulturkampf?	a conflict between cultures	100
2056614738	William II pursued a policy aimed at what?	winning overseas colonies for Germany	101
2056614739	Who is responsible for free market capitalism?	Adam Smith?	102