AP World History-Chapter 4 Flashcards

2818341534	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	-2 chief cities of the Harappan society. -Fed off of Indus Valley agricultural surpluses. -Had city walls, a fortified citadel, and a large grainery. -Home to marketplaces, temples, public buildings, extensive residential districts, and broad streets. -Produced pottery, tools, and decorative items for trade. -Harappa: Slightly smaller then Mohenjo-Daro, depended on a successful agricultural economy. Mohenjo-Daro: 30-40 thousand people, had a large pool, thriving economic center, home to goldsmiths, potters, weavers, masons, architects, jewelers, artists, merchants, etc., Living quarters included 1 room tenements, 2/3 story homes, and very large houses, had a very sophisticated water/sewage system.	0
2818350218	Indo-Europeans	-Aryans:larger of the Indo-European migrations, nomadic and pastoral peoples, cattle was the principal measure of wealth, horses with wagons/carts was their transportation source, first formed chiefdom's that later developed to councils of elders with small republics and regional kingdoms, they lived in Punjab, they created the Vedas, clashed with Dravidian's, themselves, and others, Indra was their chief deity(war god and military hero).	1
2818356911	Vedic Age	-Aryans clashed repeatedly with Dravidian's, themselves, and others. -Recognized Indra(war god and military hero). -Aryans settled in Punjab and soon started to learn about iron metallurgy which led to a more complex government rather then chiefdom's. -Aryans had a council of elders to direct small republics and they established regional kingdoms.	2
2818358977	Varna	-'Color'. -Major social classes/castes. -4 main ones: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. -Another one would be the Untouchables. -Brahmins: Priests -Kshatriyas: Warriors and aristocrats. -Vaishyas: Cultivators, artisans, and merchants. -Shudras: Landless peasants and serfs. -The Untouchables: People who performed dirty or unpleasant tasks.	3
2818358978	Jati	-Complicated hierarchy of subcastes. -Occupation largely determined an individuals ____. -Offspring joined their parents occupation and membership. -Violation of rules could result in expulsion from the larger groups. -For example, a large group of different people that were in the varna Vaishya.	4
2818359111	Sati	-Suttee -The act in which a widow voluntarily threw herself on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband to join him in death. -Not common or very supported.	5
2818359112	Rig Veda	-One of the 4 Vedas, most important. -A collection of 1,028 hymns addressed to the Aryan gods. -Between 1,400 and 900 B.C.E. -1/4 of the earliest orally transmitted Aryan works.	6
2818359973	Upanishads	-800-400 B.C.E. -'A sitting in front of'. -Refers to the practice of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues. -Often took form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues they raised. -Taught that appearances are deceiving. -Taught that individual human beings in fact are not separate and autonomous creatures but rather each person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul known as Brahman. -Taught respect for all living things. -Doctrines were samsura and karma. -Taught that the highest goal of the individual soul was to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth and enter a permanent union with Brahman. -Influenced Indian thought about the nature of the world. -Called for the observance of high ethical standards. -Advocated honesty, self-control, charity, and mercy. -Encouraged the cultivation of personal integrity.	7