Ch. 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America Flashcards

712617077	Indian National Congress	most influential association against British rule of India	0
712617078	Muslim League	the league that sought to counteract the Hinduism factors of the Indian National Congress (eventually Muslims created Pakistan)	1
712617079	Gandhi	known as the "Mahatma" (great soul,) encouraged Hinduism and discouraged industrialism, sought to increase the power of the untouchables, and was active with the peasants as well as politics	2
712617080	Ahimsa	a moral philosophy Gandhi embrace after he spent 25 years in South Africa. It means "tolerance and nonviolence"	3
712617081	Satyagraha	a technique of passive and resistance developed from Gandhi's ahimsa. It means "truth and firmness"	4
712617082	Harijans	Gandhi was highly against the caste system do to his belief of human equality. He hated all discrimination and was determined to eradicate the injustices of the caste system. The word Harijans refers to Gandhi's main target of fixing, which was the injustice against the casteless untouchables. The word means "children of God", which is a symbolic way of saying that everyone is equal even the untouchables.	5
712617083	Amritsar	a city in the Punjab region of India; the location of a brutal massacre of unarmed Indian protesters by British troops in 1919	6
712617084	The Indian Act	a compromise between the British government and the Indian nationalists; otherwise known as the "Government of India Act", it formed a fully-fledged Indian government, which would still be under British management.	7
712617085	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	brilliant lawyer as well as the head of the Muslim League in India. Proposed the split between Pakistan and India, with Pakistan becoming the new home for Indian Muslims	8
712617086	Qing	As revolutionary and nationalist uprisings gained support, a revolution in 1911 forced the Xuantong emperor to abdicate the throne. The Qing dynasty fell quickly after that.	9
712617087	Sun Yatsen	proclaimed China a republic and briefly assumed position as president, Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, and the People's Livelihood (elimination of privileges for foreigners, democratic republican government based on universal suffrage, national reunification and economic development)	10
712617088	The Republic	China unstable after fall of Qing dynasty. Warlords took over and established themselves as provincial or regional rulers. There were still unequal treaties with other countries who had control over China's economy	11
712617089	May Fourth Movement	Chinese people, especially youths and intellectuals protested against imperialism. They were against foreign interference, especially the Japanese.	12
712617090	Chinese Communist party	organized in Shanghai in 1921. Modeled after Marxist thoughts, and led by Mao Zedong, this was supposed to be a social revolution to cure China's problems. Came after the United states and other western powers did not intervene for China when Japan invaded. Among other things, they promoted women's rights.	13
712617091	Mao Zedong	A former teacher and librarian who was an early member of the CCP. He advocated the belief that a Marxist inspired social revolution would cure China's problems, and held the belief that divorce should be allowed, people should be allowed to chose who they marry, and that foot binding is cruel.	14
712617092	Three Principles of The People	Put forth by Sun Yatsen, he wanted the elimination of special privelages for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based upon equal suffrage for all. This was to be accomplished through united all of China under the Nationalist people's party.	15
712617093	Nationalist People's party	Led by Sun Yatsen and opposed to a dictatorship or communism, this called for a more democratic approach to government, as was meant to unite all of China. It initially allied with the CCP and accepted aid from the Soviet Union.	16
712617094	Jiang Jieshi	Was a young general who had been trained in Japan and the Soviet Union. He did not hold a vision for social revolution that involved the masses of China. He launched a political and military offensive, known as the Northern Expedition, that aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule	17
712617095	Civil war	A war between people of the same country. After the death of Sun Yatsen, leadership of Guomindang fell to Jiang Jieshi. Towards end of his succesful campaign, he turned against his allies and the alliance between the Guomindang and CCP to a bloody end by a civil war	18
712617096	Long March	A epic journey of 10,000 kilometers (6215 miles) that 85 thousand troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red army took	19
712617097	Imperial Japan	After the Great War, Japan achieved great power status and accepted the international status quo ~ joined the League of Nations as one of the "big five" powers, and underwent treaties to improve relations with other countries	20
712617098	Kellogg-Briand pact	Signed by the Japanese government which renounced war as an instrument of national policy	21
712617099	Inukai Tsuyoshi	Japanese politician, cabinet minister, and prime minister of Japan. His assassination was the climax of a campaign of assassinations targeting political and business leaders	22
712617100	Manchuria	China's unification threatened Japan's sphere of influence in Manchuria. Japan established a presence in Manchuria because of their control of the Manchurian railroad. They retained transit rights and stationed troops leading Japan's military forces to assert control over the region	23
712617101	The Mukden Incident	Japanese troops used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on the South-Manchuria railway. They then accused the Chinese of attacking their railroad thus becoming a pretext for war between Japan and China	24
712617102	Lij Iyasu	was supposed to rule Ethiopia, but was never crowned because of his excommunication by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church	25
712617103	War in Africa	Africa was under colonial rule from many different powers. The Great War began, in which most colonial powers were involved and Africans were forced to take part as soldiers for various sides. During this war, the Africans challenged European authority and staged many armed revolts, which were violently put down.	26
712617104	Challenges to European Authority	African subjects noticed a weakness in European rule and took advantage by revolting, but Europeans put them down quickly and violently	27
712617105	Infrastructure	what Africa was dependent on to become integrated; ports, roads, railways, and telegraph wires were built throughout the region; it lead to conquest and rule, but linked the agricultural wealth to the outside world	28
712617106	Farming and mining	Europeans took advantage of the African colonies that they ruled over and forced the Africans to work in mines for minimal wages and work as farmers for minimal wages, only farming cash crops. The Africans were forced to do this hard work because the Europeans taxed the Africans so hard that they had to work in those two areas. They were also given the worst of the land to work on in each colony while the Europeans took the best land and the most land even though their population was much less than the Africans	29
712617107	Jomo Kenyatta	Studied abroad in Europe for 15 years, came back to Kenya and led them to independence from the British	30
712617108	Marcus Garvey	Thought that all of the Africans who were descendents of slaves in the U.S. and the Afro-Caribbeans should form a single African state. Preached about black pride and called on black living in the African diaspora to go, "Back to Africa"	31
712617109	W.E.B. Dubois	Thought that all of the Africans who were descendents of slaves in the U.S. and the Afro-Caribbeans should form a single African state	32
712617110	University protests	students were the first to rebel against the economic power of the U.S.; hailed the Mexican and Russian revolutions; began to demand reforms in the 1920's and wanted more representation within the educational system; long-term politicization of student bodies at universities served as a model political system for future politicians	33
712617111	Fidel Castro	university's political system served as a training ground for him, as he became a Cuban dictator later in his life	34
712617112	Jose Carlos Mariategui	felt pity for the poor and for the Indians; castigated Peru's leaders in journals and newspapers for not helping the poor & suffered exile to Europe as a result; came back as a Marxist and established the Socialist party of Peru in 1928; also helped create the Peruvian Communist Party in 1930	35
712617113	APRA	Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance); gave another voice to those critical of Peru's ruling system	36
712617114	Apristas	followers of the APRA; advocated indigenous rights and anti-imperialism among other causes; Aprismo offered a radical but non-communist alternative to Peruvians, & it was based off of the ideas of VIctor Raúl Haya de la Torre	37
712617115	Haya de la Torre	A political activist who began as a student protester and as a supporter of a workers' movement. He imparted his views on anti-imperialism and a plan for capitalist development that had peasants and workers cooperating with the middle class on the Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA)	38
712617116	Diego Rivera	A Mexican artist who trained in Mexico in his youth and then moved to Europe to study, not returning until 1921. He was influenced by the work of both Renaissance artists and cubists. Rivera also experienced the turmoil and shifting political sensibilities taking place during the Great War and its aftermath. He blended his artistic and political visions in vast murals that he intended for viewing and appreciation by the masses. He believed that art should be on display for the working people. Rivera shaped the politicized art of Mexico for decades	39
712617117	Dollar Diplomacy	A policy that President William Howard Taft urged the United States to undertake by substituting "dollars for bullets" in foreign policy. Taft wanted businesses to develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce and believed that expensive military intervention should be avoided as much as possible	40
712617118	Getulio Dornelles Vargas	A dictator of Brazil who turned his nation into an estado novo or "new state." Vargas and his government during the 1930's and 40's embarked on a program of industrialization that created new enterprises. The Vargas regime also implemented protectionist policies that shielded domestic production from foreign competition, which pleased both industrialists and urban workers.	41
712617119	Estado novo	"new state" - What dictator Getulio Vargas turned Brazil into. With the backing of the military but without the support of the landowning elite, Vargas turned Brazil into a powerful state	42
712617120	Good Neighbor Policy	a reassessment of foreign policy,"sweetheart treaties" were inacted, given the U.S control of the Caribbean economies of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in which marines maintained order. This revamped U.S approaches to relations with Latin America	43
712617121	Roosevelt	Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) enacted the Good Neighbor Policy and during this time the limits of his neighborliness was highlighted	44
712617122	Nicaragua	U.S financial interests had influenced Nicaragua. In the mid and Late 1920's civil war broke out and U.S marines went in and tried to keep order	45
712617123	Sandino	Augusto Cesar Sandino, was a nationalist and liberalist general who was opposed to the idea of peace based on U.S marines on Nicaraguan soil.	46
712617124	Guardo National	To remove marines, the U.S trained a Nicaraguan National Guard.	47
712617125	Juan Batista Sacasa	supervisioned in 1932 brought him into power in Nicaragua; U.S. troops departed	48
712617126	Anastacio Somoza Garcia	placed as the commander of the Guard in Nicaragua by the U.S.; became president of his country after he ordered the death of Sandino; a very good neighbor to U.S.; collected greatest fortune in Nicaragua's history; established a political dynasty that ruled the nations for decades	49
712617127	Convention on the rights and duties of States	says "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another"; signed by Secretary of State Cordell Hull in December 1933; renounced the corollary to the Monroe Doctrine enunciated by Theodore Roosevelt	50
712617128	Lazaro Cardenas	Mexican president who challenged the idea that no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another when he nationalized the oil industry in March 1938 (much of which is controlled by U.S. and Britain); the matter was peacefully resolved and U.S. did not receive as much compensation from Mexico than they should have	51
712617129	Carmen Miranda	1905 - 1955; Latin American singer adopted by Hollywood who softened representations of Latin Americans; source of Brazilian pride, helped repair relations between U.S. and Latin America	52
712617130	Chiquita Banana	a female banana look-alike of Carmen Miranda; symbolized U.S. eco control of Central America and Caribbean; promoted United Fruit Company bananas, made Latin Americans look less threatening (U.S. didn't like the migrations)	53