AP World History - Revolutions Flashcards
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| 4097445152 | What was the significance of John Locke? | Regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers -"Father of Liberalism". | 0 | |
| 4097454036 | What are philosophes? | Scientifically inclined popular writers who supported enlightenment ideals. | 1 | |
| 4097462137 | Who was Voltaire? | The Enlightenment's greatest poet, dramatist, historian. | 2 | |
| 4097471119 | What was the significance of Voltaire? | -Master of wit, irony, ridicule. -Wrote 70 volumes. -Opposed bigotry, intolerance, superstition, organized religion. -"Encase L'enfame!" (Crush the infamous thing!) | 3 | |
| 4097479778 | Who was Diderot? | Editor of 26 volume encyclopedia. -Pro science. -20 years of work. | 4 | |
| 4097500025 | Who was Adam Smith? | Key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. -"Invisible hand" of supply and demand in a free market will provide best quality product at lowest price. | 5 | |
| 4097516194 | What is Laissez Faire? | No government interference with the natural functioning of the economy. | 6 | |
| 4097523954 | What were salons? | Social gatherings of philosophers, scholars, politicians. -Met in private homes. -Hosted by women. | 7 | |
| 4097533980 | Who were among the Enlightened despots? | -Frederich II (Prussia) -Maria Theresa (Austria) -Joseph II (Eliminated serfdom in Austria) -Catherine II (Russia) -Peter III (Russia) -Leopold II (Belgium) | 8 | |
| 4097551011 | What was enlightened despotism? | A form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment. | 9 | |
| 4097557341 | What was the Seven Years War? | Fought in Europe, India, North America, Caribbean, Philippines. | 10 | |
| 4097561503 | What was Britain's part in the Seven Years War? | Britain seized control of French Territories in Canada and India. -Created a large government debt for Britain. | 11 | |
| 4097571870 | What was the Tennis Court Oath? | (French Revolution) Agreed to keep meeting until a constitution was written (New Government) -Third Estate. | 12 | |
| 4097605394 | What was the Bastille? | Used as a prison for upper-class members of French society who had opposed or angered him including, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, French Protestants. | 13 | |
| 4097616331 | What was the significance of the Bastille? | A Radical mob attacked the prison on July 14th, 1789. -Guards killed some of the mob. -Mob massacred the guards. -Louis sent away the 18,000 soldiers he had brought to Versailles. | 14 | |
| 4097632294 | Who were the "San Culottes"? | The most desperate. -Couldn't afford bread. -Many were unemployed. -"Without Clothes". | 15 | |
| 4097643439 | What was the declaration of the Rights of Man? | Proclaimed freedom of expression and religion. -Equal legal rights. -Part of the Moderate Phase. -2,000 reform laws. | 16 | |
| 4097657581 | What was Olympe de Gouges? | French feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. -"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen". | 17 | |
| 4097667745 | Who was Robespierre? | Leader of the radical jacobins. -"Total war". -One of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. | 18 | |
| 4097712655 | What were the Jacobins? | Were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror. | 19 | |
| 4097720648 | What was the Thermidorian Reaction? | Was a coup d'état within the French Revolution against the leaders of the Jacobin Club who had dominated the Committee of Public Safety. -Robespierre was arrested. | 20 | |
| 4097734052 | What was "The Directory"? | The government of France during the penultimate stage of the French Revolution. -5 directors. -Selfish, greedy, inept, corrupt, food prices increase, foreign armies won victories. | 21 | |
| 4097743600 | What was the Battle of Trafalgar? | Naval battle off of the southern tip of Spain. -British victory prevented a French/Spanish invasion. | 22 | |
| 4097763278 | What was the Continental System? | Napoleon tried to destroy Britain's economy. -Attempt to cut off all British Exports to Europe. | 23 | |
| 4097807722 | What was the Battle of Borodino? | A battle fought in the Napoleonic Wars during the French invasion of Russia. -75,000 killed/wounded. -French won. | 24 | |
| 4097819677 | What was the Battle of Waterloo? | Napoleon was defeated by combined British-Prussian army. -Marked the final defeat of French military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte | 25 | |
| 4097839215 | Who was Toussaint Louverture? | Was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. -Ex Slave who led armies made up of ex slaves. | 26 | |
| 4097848850 | Who was Miguel Hidalgo? | Catholic Priest that led a peasant uprising. (Mestizos & Indians) -Revolt began Sept. 16, 1810. -Conservative Creoles crushed the revolt. | 27 | |
| 4097849768 | Who was Simon Bolivar? | (Creole) Led an army against Spain. -Was inspired by George Washington | 28 | |
| 4097851263 | What was the Jamaica Letter? | Bolívar puts forward the reasons that caused the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela within the context of the independence of the nation. | 29 | |
| 4097922932 | What was caudillos? | Was a military-landowner that possessed political power and exercised it in a form considered authoritarian by detractors. | 30 | |
| 4097933188 | Who was James Watt? | -A Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist. -Improved design of the steam engine. | 31 | |
| 4097934839 | Who were Luddites? | English textile workers who protested against newly developed labour-economizing technologies. -Destroyed machinery. | 32 | |
| 4097934840 | Who was Robert Owen? | A Welsh social reformer. -Shorter work shifts. -Better wages. -Company provided housing, stores, and schools. | 33 | |
| 4097936726 | What was the Communist Manifesto? | -Everything in history is determined by economic forces. -Each historical period is a necessary phase in a historical process. -Class conflict is a constant in history. -Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Englels. | 34 | |
| 4097938121 | What was bourgeoisie? | The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production. -exploits prolétariat. -Capitalism will destroy itself. | 35 | |
| 4097939297 | What was proletariat? | Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively. | 36 | |
| 4097939298 | Who was Louis Napoleon? | He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. -Military dictator. | 37 | |
| 4097941175 | What was the Paris Commune? | Last and worst of the radical uprisings. -20,000 killed in street fighting and executions. | 38 | |
| 4097942984 | Who was Queen Victoria? | -Became queen at age 18. -Consitutional monarchy. -Reforms. | 39 | |
| 4097944060 | Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? | Mother of Britain's Womens Rights Movement. -She demanded "justice for half the human race". | 40 | |
| 4097945504 | Who was Emmeline Pankhurst? | "Women's social and political union" -Suffragettes. -Main goal was to achieve voting rights. | 41 | |
| 4097947607 | What is nationalism? | Belief that each national group should have its own independent country. -Patriotic devotion to one's nation state where separate nation states already existed. | 42 | |
| 4098127116 | Explain the main beliefs of Enlightenment thought including Deism. | Confidence in science, logic, and reason. -Belief in progress. -Belief in natural laws and rights. -Support for "Laissez Faire". -Deism: Skeptical, hostile view on traditional religion and society. | 43 | |
| 4098144120 | Summarize Rousseau's main ideas? | -Condemened Human Civilization. -Society is corrupt and harmful, and artificial. -Society makes people unequal and unfree. -Believed in natural lifestyle (nursing children). -Thought acting impulsively is superior to using cold logic and reason -Early romantic. | 44 | |
| 4098156149 | In what ways did Catherine the Great appear to be an enlightened monarch? | -Purchased large amounts of European arts. -Purchased Diderot's Library. -Increased number of schools. -Restricted torture. | 45 | |
| 4098158520 | What changed Catherine's attitude about making reforms? | Pugachev's Rebellion. | 46 | |
| 4098160628 | What did Catherine concentrate on achieving in the later pater of her reign? | Gave total control of serfs to landowning nobility. | 47 | |
| 4098216982 | What happened to Poland in the later 1700s? | Poland was annexed. | 48 | |
| 4098269528 | What was the attitude of most English colonists about British rule before the Seven Years War? What changed because of this war? | Colonists were proud of being loyal Englishmen. -After the seven years war, Britain increased control and enacted New Taxes. | 49 | |
| 4098308557 | How did Enlightenment ideas affect the American Revolution? | Natural rights - John Locke is well-known for claiming every human has certain rights not given to them by the law or society. Things such as freedom, privacy, life etc. Revolution - If the government fails to protect the people's natural rights, Locke argued that it is essentially obligatory for the people to revolt. | 50 | |
| 4099578477 | Did most colonists actively support the revolution? Explain. | At most 30% of colonists supported the revolution. -At least as many remained loyal to Britain because Britain was in support of "Loyalists" and most Indians. | 51 | |
| 4099597204 | What advantages did Britain have in fighting the revolution? | -Strong army. -Worlds most powerful navy. -Support of "Loyalists" and most indians. -The colonists were not unified and lacked money, weapons, supplies, training. | 52 | |
| 4099621160 | Explain France's role in the American Revolutions. | -Helped the rebels with money, ammunition, soldiers, and navy. | 53 | |
| 4099628594 | How democratic was the government created by the U.S. Constitution? Explain the federal system of dividing government power that it introduced. | Guaranteed natural rights. -Freedom of expression and religion. Representative government elected by white adult males who owned sufficient property. -Government power divided between national and state government. (Federal Government) | 54 | |
| 4099645508 | Compare causes of the American and French revolutions. | American: Colonists opposed increased taxes. -Some boycotted British goods. Some Colonists formed militia. -Some stockpiled ammunition. Declaration of Independence French: Extensive class turmoil. -Nobles wanted to regain powers lost to the king and avoid paying taxes. Upper Middle Class. -Wanted a share of honors and powers of the nobles. Peasants. -Wanted lower taxes. -Wanted to eliminate specific privileges of the Nobles. Urban Poor. -Most desperate -couldn't afford bread and many were unemployed. DIRECT CAUSE: need for increased tax revenue. | 55 | |
| 4099700482 | Why did Louis XVI call the Estates General into session? | Louis XVI's financial crisis brought on the spending of Louis XIV and XV and Louis XVI's debt spending to finance the American Revolution. | 56 | |
| 4099708074 | What were the goals of each of the social class at the start of the French Revolution? | Nobles: -Wanted to regain powers lost to the king. -Wanted to avoid paying taxes. Upper Middle Class: -Wanted a share of honors and powers of the nobles. Peasants: -Wanted lower taxes. -Wanted to eliminate specific privileges of the Nobles. Urban Poor: Most Desperate. Couldn't afford bread and many were unemployed. | 57 | |
| 4099728448 | What were the Three Estates? | First state: Clergy 1/2% Second State: Nobility 1 1/2% Third estate: 98% commoners. | 58 | |
| 4099736945 | What groups made up the Third Estate? | Bankers, lawyers, merchants, physicians, shop keepers, artisans, laborers, peasants. -The "National Assembly". | 59 | |
| 4099746029 | What caused the 8 week stalemate when the Estates General met? How was it resolved? | "Tennis Court Oath" -Louis ordered 1st and 2nd estates to join the assembly. -Louis brought 18,000 soldiers to Versailles. | 60 | |
| 4099761559 | What reforms were made during the moderate phases? | -Declaration of Rights of Man. -Proclaimed freedom of expression and religion. -Equal legal rights. -2000 reform laws that ended the ancient regime. -Eliminated special privileges of the nobility and clergy. -Wrote a constitution. | 61 | |
| 4099770390 | What reform alienated Catholics during the moderate phase? | Seized church property. -Required clergy to take loyalty oath. | 62 | |
| 4099787838 | What change did Frances' war with Austria and Prussia make in the course of the French Revolution? | Foreign armies invaded France. -Volunteer armies swarmed to Paris proclaiming liberty, equality, fraternity. | 63 | |
| 4099797988 | What reforms were made during the radical phase? | -Streets renamed. -Simple dress style. -Proclaimed France a republic. -New Calendar. -Metric system proposed. -Divorce rights. | 64 | |
| 4099819551 | Summarize the policies of Robespierre and the Jacobins. | -Mass draft. -"Reign of Terror" -20,000 to 40,000 executions. -Rationalizing and price controls on bread. -"Cult of the Supreme being" -Notre Dame was the "temple of reason" -Slavery was abolished in French colonies. -Death for circulating false news, criticizing the government, profiteering. | 65 | |
| 4099835374 | How did Napoleon gain control of France? | 1799 Military coup d'état. | 66 | |
| 4099860491 | Why did most French people support Napoleon taking control? | The government was bankrupt, while inflation, taxation and unemployment were soaring. The regime had lost control in much of the country, and there was virtual civil war in some areas. | 67 | |
| 4099868395 | What actions did Napoleon take to restore order in France? | -Preserved reforms of the moderate phase. -Legal and social equality. -"code Napoleon" Law code. -Political and social equality. -Religious freedom. -male head of family=absolute authority over wife and children. -Divorce rights were curtailed. -Extensive censorship. -Secret police. | 68 | |
| 4099886416 | In what ways did the Napoleonic Code preserve reforms of French Revolution? How did it affect the rights of women? | -Political and social equality. -Religious freedom. -Women lost rights. Male once again became head of family=absolute authority over wife and children. | 69 | |
| 4099918924 | Explain the goal of the continental system and reasons for its failure. | Attempt to cut off all British exports to Europe. -Had he stopped the supply of corn completely, people might have begun to starve and would have forced authorities of England for a treaty but the miscalculation Napoleon was a contributing factor to the failure of this scheme. | 70 | |
| 4099921540 | What reforms did Napoleon spread to conquered lands? | -Reforms of the French Revolutions. -Legal equality. -Religious toleration. -Napoleon's law code. -Metric system. | 71 | |
| 4099922707 | What impact did Napoleon have on the German states? | He reorganized the states. -Confederation of the Rhine. -15 states. -Ended the Holy Roman Empire. | 72 | |
| 4099923609 | What problems did Napoleon have in Spain? | He could not suppress rebellion in Spain. -Guerilla warfare. | 73 | |
| 4099925465 | Explain what happened to Napoleon's invasion of Russia. | 75,000 were killed/wounded and the French won. -Napoleon occupied Moscow for 5 weeks. -Mid winter retreat. | 74 | |
| 4099927414 | How is Russia's victory over Napoleon commemorated in literature and music? | In Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" and Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace". | 75 | |
| 4099929273 | Explain the main goals and actions of the Congress of Vienna. How successful was this peace settlement? | -Restored Burbon rulers. -Created stronger countries on France's border. Effect: France's territory returned to before Napoleon and an effective balance of power. | 76 | |
| 4099931419 | What groups fought each other in the Haitian Revolution? What was achieved by this revolution? | Factions of slaves, Europeans, "Gens de Couleuv" fought each other. -Equality and freedom for all Haitians. -Only successful slave rebellion. | 77 | |
| 4099933697 | What happened to land ownership as a result of the Haitian Revolution? How did this affect Haiti's economy? | The land was redistributed in small plots to Ex Slaves. -Used to grow food for their families. -Independence penalty payments to France. | 78 | |
| 4099937665 | What social class benefitted the most from Latin America's revolutions? Explain. What social classes gained the least? | Creoles. -Mainly Creoles taking power from Peninsulares. -Least gained by the Peninsulares. | 79 | |
| 4100016685 | How was the leadership of Brazil's revolution different from the revolutions in Spain's colonies? | Spain's colonies: Led an army against Spain that was inspired by George Washington. Brazil: Dom Pedro joined Creoles breaking away from Portugal. | 80 | |
| 4100035561 | What kind of government emerged in most of the newly independent Latin American countries? | Democratic Government. | 81 | |
| 4100045923 | Which of the four "Atlantic Revolutions" achieved the most meaningful change? | The French Revolution. | 82 | |
| 4100057167 | Explain how the Industrial Revolution changed human civilization by comparing conditions in traditional cultures (before the Industrial Revolution) with conditions in technologically developed industrialized areas. | Pre-Industrial Cultures: -85%-90% Agricultural workers. -Self sufficient communities. -Little change in technology. -Few personal possessions. -Few cities=mostly small villages. -Limited travel. -Precarious food supply, little variety. -Deforestation, salinization, erosion. -Candles, torches. -hand carried water from wells, rivers. -heat from fires, stoves. -Average life span (20-25) Industrialized Cultures: -2% to 3% farmers. -Extensive inter-dependence. -Rapid and constant change. -Consumption based economies. -Large cities. -Frequent and extensive travel. -Great variety, obesity. -Pollution from fossil fuels. -Electric light. -Piped pressurized water. -Centralized heat. -Average life span (70s-80s) | 83 | |
| 4100105447 | Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? | -Key natural resources (Coal and iron). -Mobile work force (Agricultural revolution). -Capitalist economy (Profit motive) -Investment capital (Agricultural revolution created increased wealth). -Large middle class (Consumers). -Good Transportation (Rivers, Ports, Canals). -Stable Government (No foreign invasions). -Good banking system. | 84 | |
| 4100118442 | Describe key inventions in the mechanization of cotton production and explain why one invention would create need for another invention. | Flying Shuttle (Improved weaving), then Spinning Jenny (8-11 spindles), Spinning Mule (Eventually over 100 spindles), Power Loom (200x as fast production of woven cloth), and other industries mechanized and created interchangeable parts. | 85 | |
| 4100132521 | What was the main energy source for the Industrial Revolution? | Coal (Substituted for lack of wood). | 86 | |
| 4100138538 | What effects did construction of railroads have? | -National markets. -Larger factories. -Large cities (England). | 87 | |
| 4100139944 | Describe conditions in Industrial cities like Manchester. | -Hastily built, closely packed housing. -Open sewers flowed through streets. -Overflowing "Privies". -Contaminated water. -High death rates from contagious disease. -Cholera. | 88 | |
| 4100140464 | Explain the working conditions of factory labor. | -14-16 hour work days. -Poor wages. -Exploited child workers. -5 to 6 year olds. -Unsafe machinery. -No insurance or compensation for injury. -No job security. | 89 | |
| 4100140465 | What were the main goals of socialism? | -Greater social and economic equality. -Community (State) ownership of major industries and services. -economic planning. -Rejection of capitalism. | 90 | |
| 4100141914 | Explain differences between moderate and radical socialists. | Moderate: gradual, peaceful reform. Radical: Revolution and violent change. | 91 | |
| 4100142757 | Explain the main ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. | Everything in history is determined by economic forces. Each historical period is a necessary phase in a historical process. -Marx thought that if a place that works together runs on wage-labor, then there would always be class struggle. Marx thought that this class struggle would result in workers taking power. | 92 | |
| 4100144922 | Explain differences between early 19th century liberalism and early 19th century conservatism. | See notes.. | 93 | |
| 4100146820 | How does radicalism differ from liberalism? | Radicalism:political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways. Liberalism: free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state. | 94 | |
| 4100148403 | What three countries tried to suppress liberalism? | Russia, Austria, Prussia. | 95 | |
| 4100150828 | List three liberal/radical uprisings or revolts that occurred in Europe during the 1820-1850 period. What was the largest series of revolts? | Greece, Russia, and France, Belgium, and Poland. -France. | 96 | |
| 4100151766 | List reforms and policies of Louis Napoleon. | -Extensive censorship. -Public meetings suppressed. -Unions legalized. -Paris was remodeled. -Railroads. | 97 | |
| 4100152421 | What reforms were made in Britain during the 1800s? | -Parliment got real governing authority. -Prime minister was the head of majority party. -Expansion of voting rights. -Elimination of slavery. -Factory act of 1833. -Banned children under age 9. -Mines act. -Repeal of corn laws. -Improved sanitation. -Sickness, accident, and old age insurance. | 98 | |
| 4100153455 | What reforms occurred in Russia in the 1860-1880 period? | -Act of emancipation (Anarchists). -Public trials by jury. -Town councils. -Feminism. | 99 | |
| 4100154208 | What were the main goals of the Feminist movement in the later 1800s? | -Voting rights. -Justice for half of the human race. -Divorce rights. | 100 | |
| 4100154955 | What were the main characteristics of romanticism? | Developed from ideas of Rousseau and a rejection/reaction of French culture. (Look at notes).. | 101 | |
| 4100156789 | Explain the differing influence of nationalism depending on whether or not an ethnic group had its own country. | -Belief that each national group should have its own independent country. -Patriotic devotion to ones nation state. | 102 | |
| 4100157699 | Explain the role of Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. | -Cavour used international power to achieve his domestic goals. -Garibaldi was forced to use his own grassroots strength, empowered by young Italian democrats interested in an idealistic future for their nation. | 103 | |
| 4100158705 | Explain the role of Otto von Bismarck in the unification of Germany. | Used trickery, threats, bribes, lies, wars to unify Germany. -Unified Germany through 3 wars. | 104 | |
| 4100160498 | What effect did the Franco-Prussian War have on Germany? What effect did it have on France? | Germany captured 100,000 French including Napoleon III. -Empire of Germany was proclaimed. | 105 | |
| 4100162034 | Summarize the theories of Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov and Albert Einstein. | Charles Darwin: Natural selection, no fixed species, life was not created all at once in final form, not harmonious mechanical. Sigmund Freud: People are greatly influenced by the unconscious mind. Ivan Pavlov: Anthropology, Critical studies of the bible. Albert Einstein: "Theory of Relativity". | 106 | |
| 4100163318 | Explain how these new scientific theories challenged traditional religious teachings and Enlightenment beliefs. | Major decrease in religious belief in Europe. -Liberal view: accepted science. -Conservative: accepted religious teaching. | 107 | |
| 4100180853 | What was the "Second Industrial Revolution"? | Also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I. | 108 |