Psychology Flashcards

6635492481	Memory	the retention of information over time.	0
6635497148	Reconstructive memory	when remembering, we actively reconstruct memories, not passively reproduce them.	1
6635503842	Three memory model	Sensory, short term, long term	2
6635511522	iconic Memory	visual, and they last for about a second	3
6635534895	emotional intelligence	The ability to understand our own and others' emotions, then apply that information	4
6635543436	convergent creativity	Capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem	5
6635545718	divergent creativity	Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem	6
6635561006	The Flynn Effect	average IQ scores have been increasing at a rate of about 3 points per decade	7
6635569278	What hypotheses have psychologists suggested to attempt to explain the Flynn effect	Increased test sophistication over time, Increased complexity of the modern world, Better nutrition, Changes at home and school (smaller families; more educational resources)	8
6635578591	Women tend to do better than men on some ...	verbal tasks	9
6635582962	Men tend to do better than women on some ...	spatial tasks	10
6635591311	What are some of the environmental influences that impact IQ?	Schooling is related to high IQ scores, Research suggests that both poverty and nutrition are causally related to IQ.	11
6635603368	What do twin and adoption studies tell us about the roles of nature and nurture in IQ?	At least some of the tendency for IQ to run in families is genetically influenced, There is also convincing evidence of environmental effects on IQ.	12
6635615547	reliability in IQ testing	Reasonably stable in adulthood, Not especially stable in infancy or early childhood (before age 3)	13
6635621511	validity in IQ testing	IQ scores predict a variety of important real-world outcomes like Academic performance, Job performance, and Physical health	14
6635634638	How are Culture-Fair IQ tests different from other tests?	Culture-Fair IQ Tests Consist of abstract-reasoning items that don't depend on language	15
6635652296	WAIS	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Consists of 15 subtests that give five scores: Overall IQ, Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, Processing speed	16
6635670208	WISC	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children	17
6635681398	WPPSI	Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence	18
6635691320	The Eugenics Movement	Encouraged people with "good" genes to reproduce	19
6635750787	Who first introduced the idea of the eugenics movement?	Sir Francis Galton	20
6635760294	Negative effects of the eugenics movement	Intelligence tests were unfairly used to prevent immigrants from entering the U.S.	21
6635778208	IQ equation	Mental age /Chronological age X 100	22
6635793594	deviation IQ	the expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers	23
6635675761	Retrieval	Reactivation or reconstructive of experiences from our memory stores	24
6635799693	Why was Stern's calculation of IQ problematic for adolescents and adults?	Stern's formula is problematic beginning in adolescence and adulthood because mental age does not change much from year to year	25
6635805848	Wilhelm Stern (1912) invented the ....	formula for intelligence quotient (IQ)	26
6635810818	Binet and Simon (1905)	Developed the first intelligence test that included measures of higher mental processes	27
6635819800	Mental Age	the age corresponding to the average person's performance on an intelligence test	28
6635836651	Analytical Intelligence	The ability to reason logically	29
6635841844	Practical Intelligence	The ability to solve real world problems, especially those involving other people	30
6635848053	Creative Intelligence	Our ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions	31
6635855896	Linguistic intelligence	speak and write well	32
6635867142	logico-mathmatical intelligence	use logic and math skills to solve problems	33
6635879335	spatial intelligence	think and reason about objects in three dimensional space	34
6635897610	musical intelligence	perform, understand, and enjoy music	35
6635904085	bodily kinesthetic intelligence	manipulate the body in sports, dance, and other physical endeavors	36
6635927275	interpersonal intelligence	understand and interact with others effectively	37
6635940614	intrapersonal intelligence	understand and possess insight into self	38
6635948049	naturalistic intelligence	recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things	39
6635978686	Fluid intelligence	Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems	40
6635902302	Memory span	increases with age: "Magic Number" 7 +/-2 does not develop until about age 12.	41
6635989018	crystallized intelligence	Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time	42
6635995533	g (general intelligence)	Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people	43
6636014295	s (specific abilities)	Particular ability level in a narrow domain	44
6636030746	Charles Spearman	Observed positive correlations among items on IQ Tests	45
6636048360	Binet and Simon (1905)	Developed the first intelligence test, Argued that intelligence consists of higher mental processes	46
6635521980	Echoic memories	auditory, and lasts for a few seconds	47
6635626836	Explicit	semantic, and episodic	48
6635995298	The connection between a person's confidence in the memory and its accuracy?	and they are often inaccurate when compared to initial memories	49
6635628166	Implicit	Procedural, priming, conditioning, and habituation	50
6635647299	Episodic memory	Recollection of events in our lives	51
6636035651	Misinformation effect:	misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later	52
6635980167	The accuracy of flashbulb memories over time?	Flashbulbs are not "photograph" memories, as they can change with the passage of time	53
6636022161	Source monitoring confusion	is a lack of clarity about the origins of a memory.	54
6635658164	Encoding	Process of getting information into our memory banks	55
6635882911	What are some treatments for Alzheimers	Donepezil, which inhibits breakdown of acetylcholine	56
6635972412	Flashbulb Memory	are very vivid and able to be recalled in detail much later. Typically formed around highly emotional, shocking events	57
6635912668	Meta-memory	Knowledge about your own memory abilities and limitations	58
6635938418	InfantileAmnesia	Inability of adults to retrieve accurate memories before 2-3 years old	59
6635908894	Conceptual Understanding	increases with age. Impacts chunking and strategy use	60
6635865156	How do the physical structures in the brain change with Alzheimer's?	Enlargement of the ventricles, severe loss of the cortex, and loss of synapses and acetylcholine neurons	61
6635855508	What problems with memory and cognitive functions are associated with Alzheimer's disease?	- Disorientation, getting lost or confused, language loss, and Memory loss beginning with recent events	62
6635892346	What are preventions of dementia?	Active lifestyle, greater education, and intellectual activity	63
6635851528	Around what age does memory usually begin to decline?	65, but not always	64
6635836117	Emotional Memory	The amygdala and hippocampus interact to give us emotional memories.	65
6635692717	Mnemonics	are learning aids that enhance recall	66
6635700651	recognition	selecting previously remembered information from an array of options	67
6635813770	Anterograde amnesia	refers to an inability to form new long-term explicit memories.	68
6635807500	Retrograde amnesia	refers to an inability to retrieve memory of the past.	69
6635800636	Long Term Potentiation	Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation	70
6635708683	Relearning	Reacquiring knowledge that we had previously learned but largely forgotten over time	71
6635790352	Karl Lashley elusive engram conclusion	Memory is not located in one place	72
6635720416	Forgetting curve	We forget a lot initially then it levels off. Ebbinghaus	73
6635752694	State-Dependent Learning	Superior retrieval of memories when you are in the in the same physiological or psychological state as you were during encoding	74
6635739679	Context-Dependent Memory	we retrieve a memory easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory	75
6635661214	Storage	Process of keeping information in memory.	76
6635666458	Schema	Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory	77
6635650455	Procedural memory	Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits	78
6635633703	Semantic	Our knowledge of facts about the world	79
6635610141	Three levels of processing	shallow, medium, deep	80
6635612935	Long term memory	relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills. Duration if from minutes to years	81
6635595150	Rehearsal	Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory, maintenance, and elaborative	82
6635583742	Chunking	Organization of information into meaningful groupings.	83
6635571040	Retroactive interference	learning new information interferes (in a backward acting way) with retrieving old information	84
6635576552	George Miller	suggested that most people can remember 5-9 unit of info. The magical number is 7.	85
6635562479	Proactive Interference	information learned earlier interferes (in a forward acting way) with information learned later	86
6635552155	Interference	old and new memories can also interfere with each other, making it difficult to store new memories and retrieve old ones	87
6635526454	Short term memory	memory systems that retains information for limited durations (no longer than 20 secs).	88
6635540596	Decay	Fading of information from memory over time	89
6635534242	Working memory	Same as short term memory: our ability to hold info that we are currently thinking about or processing.	90
6636111216	Sir Francis Galton (Late 1800s)	intelligence stems from sensory capacity	91
6636067124	Optimal Conditions needed for accuracy:	Good lighting, Criminal is not disguised, Short amount of time between witnessing the crime and identifying a suspect	92
6636080490	Thinking	Any mental activity or processing of information	93
6636085510	Cognitive Economy	represents the ways in which our minds attempt to reduce processing or save cognitive resources.	94
6636089885	Heuristics	shortcuts to increase our thinking efficiency	95
6636092330	Cognitive bias	Predispositions used to interpret experiences	96
6636105336	Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on how easily or quickly examples come to mind	97
6636113544	Base Rates	How common a characteristic or behavior is within a population.	98
6636128311	Conjunction fallacy	incorrectly believing that two events occurring together could be more common that one or the other alone.	99
6636145652	Decision making	The process of selecting among of possible alternatives	100
6636150712	How does the framing of a problem affect decision-making?	The way a question or statement is formulated can influence the decisions people make	101
6636159039	Problem solving	Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal	102
6636162158	Algorithm	Step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem	103
6636171210	Mental set	becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives	104
6636191384	Salience of surface similarities	Tendency to focus on the surface level properties of a problem and to try to solve problems in the same way we solved others with similar surface characteristics	105
6636198030	Functional Fixedness	Difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another	106
6636206732	Define language	Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (such as words or gestural signs) in rule-based ways to create meaning	107
6636208975	Morphemes	Smallest meaningful units of speech; Convey information about semantics	108
6636211427	Syntax	Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings	109
6636217818	Extralinguistic information	Elements of communication that are not part of the content of language, but are critical to interpreting its meaning	110
6636254651	The Imitation account	suggests babies hear language used in systematic ways and learn to use language in the way that adults use it.	111
6636258705	The Nativist Account	suggests that children are born with some basic knowledge about how language works	112
6636260914	The Social Pragmatics Account	suggests that specific aspects of the social environment structure language learning	113
6636268356	The General Cognitive Processing Account	ability to learn language results from general skills children apply to a variety of activities	114
6636275980	During the first year:	Babbling & Fine-tuning of phoneme perception	115
6636285881	around first birthday	first words	116
6636287678	by second birthday	rudimentary phrases (want cookies)	117
6636296206	Preschool, and elementary school	Extralinguistic aspects of communication	118
6636305659	homesigners:	deaf children born to hearing parents	119
6636309753	Is there a critical period for language development?	no strict critical period for language development in humans, but rather a more general sensitive period.	120
6636312434	Linguistic determinism:	The idea that language completely determines our thinking has little or no scientific support.	121
6636314633	Linguistic relativity:	Evidence supports the idea that language can influence some aspects of our thinking.	122
6636319300	Do Animals have language abilities?	Research shows chimps can communicate with sign language or keyboards with symbols	123
6636109532	Representativeness heuristic	Judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype (or stereotype)	124