AP World History Terms Flashcards

3600840237	Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age	The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E; crude stone tool use, hunting/gathering	0
3600840238	Homo sapiens sapiens	The most successful humanoid species at end of Paleolithic Age; originated 240,000 years ago in Africa	1
3600840239	Mesolithic (Middle Stone) Age	12,000-8,000 B.C.E.; better stone tools/weapons; larger populations- more war; domesticated animals - improved food supply	2
3600840240	Neolithic (New Stone) Age	8,000-5,000 B.C.E.; sedentary agriculture developed; fully domesticated animals	3
3600840241	Neolithic Revolution	8,500-3,500 B.C.E. - New technology and human organization led to sedentary agriculture	4
3600840242	Hunting and Gathering	The original human economy; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries	5
3600840243	Homo erectus	A less ape like, not completely human species existing from 750,000 to 500,000 years ago in Africa, spread to Asia and Europe	6
3600840244	Bronze Age	4,000-1,500 B.C.E - Bronze tools used, first introduced in the Middle East, ended with the introduction of iron	7
3600840245	Slash and Burn Agriculture	A method where nomadic agricultural people burn forest floors, deplete the soil with farming, and leave, returning in 20-30 years	8
3600840246	Tribal Bands	40-60 nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divide by gender	9
3600840247	Civilization	Society that relies on sedentary agriculture, is able to produce food surpluses, has non farming elites, and merchant and manufacturing groups	10
3600840248	Cuneiform	Earliest writing system developed in the Middle East by the Sumerians around 3,500 B.C.E. using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	11
3600840249	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; barbarians	12
3600840250	Ziggurats	Massive towers in Mesopotamia, specifically Sumer, used as temples by professional priests	13
3600840251	City-states	Agricultural villages with ruled by a local king	14
3600840252	Pharaoh	The king of Ancient Egypt	15
3600840253	Pyramids	Triangular burial sites for Ancient Egyptian kings developed in 2,700 B.C.E.	16
3600840254	Ideographic Symbols	Chinese writing made up of pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	17
3600840255	Oracles	Chinese shamans or priests who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat	18
3600840257	Monotheism	The belief in one God, introduced by the Jews	19
3600840258	Great Wall	A Chinese defense against northern invaders constructed during the Qin dynasty	20
3601732573	Vassal Retainers	Subordinate leaders serving and bound by personal ties to the king and great lords; recruited from former ruling families and aristocratic classes; depended on the produce and labor of the commoners to support their families and military forces	21
3638500881	Mandate of Heaven	The claim that heaven had transferred its mandate to rule to a ruler	22
3638684813	Ancestor worship	The veneration of one's ancestors	23
3638962282	Silk Road		24
3600840261	Feudal States		25
3600840265	Five Classics		26
3600840266	Classic of Songs		27
3600840267	Monsoon	Seasonal winds crossing Indian sub-continent and Southeast Asia; during summer bring rains	28
3600840268	Sanskrit	The first literary language of India	29
3600840269	Vedas	Aryan hymns and epics originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books during the 6th century	30
3600840270	Rig-Veda	The first Aryan epic; attributed the rise of the caste system to the gods	31
3600840271	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty	32
3600840272	Ramayana	An epic Indian tale that traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita	33
3600840273	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas with sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by brahmans to restore religious authority; stressed shallowness of worldy concerns in favor of contemplation of the divine spirit	34
3600840274	Varnas	Aryan social classes	35
3648182341	Kshatriyas	The warrior/governing class of India	36
3648185601	Vaisyas	Traders and farmers of India	37
3648187235	Sudras	Common laborers of India	38
3600840275	Untouchables	Low social class in India/Hindu culture that performed undesirable tasks	39
3600840277	Dharma	The law of moral consequences; stresses inner study, meditation and following the career and caste position determined at birth; "moral path"	40
3600840280	Nirvana	The Buddhist state of enlightenment and tranquility	41
3600840281	Gurus	Hindu mystics	42
3600840282	Reincarnation	The belief in life after death as another being	43
3600840283	Karma		44
3600840284	Brahman		45
3662293904	Brahmanism	Early Hinduism	46
3662304588	Brahma	The basic Hindu holy essence that forms everything in this world	47
3600840285	Dynasty		48
3600840286	Yin Yang	The Chinese belief in nature's harmony	49
3600840287	Regionalism		50
3600840288	Jati	The smaller divisions of the Indian caste system	51
3600840289	Yoga		52
3600840290	Bhagavad Gita	A sacred Hindu hymn that urged people to carry out the duties that come with one's caste	53
3600840291	Kamasutra	An Indian book on relationships between man and women, written by Vatsayana during Gutpa era	54
3600840292	Panchatantra	An Indian story collection	55
3662272565	Artha	Political and economic goals encouraged by Hinduism	56
3662364690	Stupas	Spherical stone shrines to Buddha	57
3662449390	Scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi	58
3662508676	Magi	The priestly followers of Zoroaster	59
3662526900	Olympic Games	One of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and celebrations	60
3662527821	Roman Republic	Where people elect representatives to represent them in the government	61
3662573577	Polis	City-state form of government, typical of Greece	62
3662573578	Direct Democracy	Where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives	63
3662590074	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats who advised on policy within the republic	64
3662590075	Consuls	Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	65
3662607046	Twelve Tables	The first Roman code of law	66
3662679523	Iliad	Greek epic poem written by Homer, or many authors, that defined gods and human nature and shaped Greek mythos	67
3662679524	Odyssey	Greek epic poem written by Homer, or many authors, that defined the gods and human nature and shaped Greek mythos	68
3662679525	Doric	Least ornate district style of Hellenistic architecture	69
3662679892	Ionic	Medium ornate district style of Hellenistic architecture	70
3662697869	Corinthian	Most ornate istrict style of Hellenistic architecture	71
3668069765	Rajput	Regional princes of western India	72
3603254848	Tsar		73
3603257446	Boyar	Russian aristocratic landlord	74
3603258487	Cossack	Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in the south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements	75
3605837119	Cossack Colony	A group of independent peasant fighting men	76
3603259375	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia	77
3603260505	Time of Troubles	Following death of Ivan IV, boyars attempted to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar	78
3605680622	Pugachev Rebellion	Rebellion led by cossack Emelian Pugachev pretending to be the tsar	79
3605684912	Partition of Poland	Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state	80
3613191779	Amur River Agreement	Set new frontiers between Russia and China	81
3646869116	Mita	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion in the Inca empire	82
3646883153	Encomienda	A grant allowing an individual conqueror to demand tribute and labor	83
3654217136	Encomendero	The holder of an encomienda	84
3646953893	Hacienda	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the New World; produced agricultural products for American consumers	85
3646970643	Consulado	Merchant guild of Seville that enjoyed monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return	86
3646977817	Galleon	Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain	87
3646980665	Letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; judicial core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy	88
3646981957	Viceroyalties	Major divisions of Spanish colonies in the New World that directly represented the king, one in Lima, one in Mexico City	89
3646982193	Viceroys	High-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king	90
3646982220	Audiencia	Judicial divisions controlled by superior courts staffed by professional royal magistrates who helped to make law and apply it	91
3652848948	Recopilación	Body of laws codified into the basis for government in the Spanish colonies	92
3653135106	Capitaincies	Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development	93
3653379771	Paulistas	Backwoodsmen from Sao Paolo in Brazil who explored the interior of Brazil, captured Indians and searched for precious metals	94
3653512355	Mestizos	The mixed population of Europeans and Indians	95
3653541821	Mulattos	The mixed population of Europeans and Africans	96
3653526901	Sociedad de Castas	American social system based on racial origins with white Europeans at the top, Africans and Indians at the bottom, and mixed in the middle	97
3653550447	Castas	People of mixed origins	98
3653599443	Peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	99
3653603124	Creoles	People born in the New World	100
3653662647	Amigos del Pais	Clubs and associations dedicated to material improvements and reform, rather than political, in Spanish colonies	101
3653915610	Corregidores	Local Spanish magistrates	102
3820464184	Caravels	Slender, long-hulled Portuguese ships	103
3824458737	Mercantilist	Economic theorists that stressed government's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues, popular during the 17th and 18th centuries	104
3829366405	Factories	European warehouses where spices and other products could be stored until they could be shipped to Europe of elsewhere in Asia	105