AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

6588226343	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
6588226344	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
6588226345	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
6588226346	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
6588226347	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
6588226348	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
6588226349	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
6588226350	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
6588226351	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
6588226352	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
6588226353	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
6588226354	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
6588226355	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
6588226356	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
6588226357	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
6588226358	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
6588226359	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
6588226360	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
6588226361	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
6588226362	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
6588226363	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
6588226364	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
6588226365	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
6588226366	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
6588226367	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
6588226368	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
6588226369	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
6588226370	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
6588226371	theory	general idea being tested	28
6588226372	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
6588226373	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
6588226374	mode	appears the most	31
6588226375	mean	average	32
6588226376	median	middle	33
6588226377	range	highest - lowest	34
6588226378	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
6588226379	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
6588226380	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
6588226381	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
6588226382	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
6588226383	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
6588226384	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
6588226385	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
6588226386	neuron		43
6588226387	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
6588226388	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
6588226389	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
6588226390	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
6588226391	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
6588226392	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
6588226393	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
6588226394	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
6588226395	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
6588226396	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
6588226397	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
6588226398	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
6588226399	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
6588226400	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
6588226401	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
6588226402	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
6588226403	master gland	pituitary gland	60
6588226404	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
6588226405	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
6588226406	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
6588226407	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
6588226408	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
6588226409	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
6588226410	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
6588226411	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
6588226412	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
6588226413	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
6588226414	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
6588226415	hippocampus	process new memory	72
6588226416	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
6588226417	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
6588226418	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
6588226419	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
6588226420	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
6588226421	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
6588226422	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
6588226423	occipital lobe	vision	80
6588226424	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
6588226425	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
6588226426	Broca's area	speaking words	83
6588226427	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
6588226428	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
6588226429	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
6588226430	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
6588226431	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
6588226432	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
6588226433	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
6588226434	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
6588226435	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
6588226436	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
6588226437	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
6588226438	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
6588226439	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
6588226440	rods	night time	97
6588226441	cones	color	98
6588226442	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
6588226443	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
6588226444	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
6588226445	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
6588226446	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
6588226447	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
6588226448	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
6588226449	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
6588226450	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
6588226451	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
6588226452	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
6588226453	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
6588226454	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
6588226455	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
6588226456	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
6588226457	perception =	mood + motivation	114
6588226458	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
6588226459	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
6588226460	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
6588226461	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
6588226462	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
6588226463	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
6588226464	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
6588226465	insomnia	can't sleep	122
6588226466	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
6588226467	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
6588226468	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
6588226469	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
6588226470	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
6588226471	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
6588226472	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
6588226473	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
6588226474	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
6588226475	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
6588226476	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
6588226477	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
6588226478	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
6588226479	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
6588226480	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
6588226481	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
6588226482	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
6588226483	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
6588226484	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
6588226485	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
6588226486	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
6588226487	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
6588226488	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
6588226489	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
6588226490	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
6588226491	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
6588226492	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
6588226493	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
6588226494	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
6588226495	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
6588226496	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
6588226497	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
6588226498	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
6588226499	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
6588226500	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
6588226501	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
6588226502	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
6588226503	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
6588226504	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
6588226505	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
6588226506	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
6588226507	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
6588226508	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
6588226509	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
6588226510	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
6588226511	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
6588226512	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
6588226513	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
6588226514	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
6588226515	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
6588226516	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
6588226517	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
6588226518	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
6588226519	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
6588226520	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
6588226521	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
6588226522	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
6588226523	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
6588226524	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
6588226525	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
6588226526	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
6588226527	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
6588226528	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
6588226529	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
6588226530	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
6588226531	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
6588226532	encoding	information going in	189
6588226533	storage	keeping information in	190
6588226534	retrieval	taking information out	191
6588226535	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
6588226536	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
6588226537	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
6588226538	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
6588226539	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
6588226540	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
6588226541	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
6588226542	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
6588226543	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
6588226544	implicit memory	naturally do	201
6588226545	explicit memory	need to explain	202
6588226546	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
6588226547	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
6588226548	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
6588226549	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
6588226550	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
6588226551	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
6588226552	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
6588226553	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
6588226554	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
6588226555	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
6588226556	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
6588226557	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
6588226558	priming	association (setting you up)	215
6588226559	context	environment helps with memory	216
6588226560	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
6588226561	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
6588226562	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
6588226563	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
6588226564	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
6588226565	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
6588226566	children can't remember before age __	3	223
6588226567	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
6588226568	prototypes	generalize	225
6588226569	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
6588226570	against problem-solving	fixation	227
6588226571	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
6588226572	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
6588226573	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
6588226574	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
6588226575	grammar is _________	universal	232
6588226576	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
6588226577	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234