Environmental AP Flashcards

6625737919	Geologic time scale	precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic	0
6625737920	zones of the earth	core, mantle, crust,	1
6625737921	lithosphere	upper mantle and crust	2
6625737922	plate tectonics	plates of crust moves over time	3
6625737923	divergent plate boundary	plates move apart, found in spreading ocean ridges	4
6625737924	convergent plate boundary	two plates collide, cause earthquakes	5
6625737925	transform plate boundary	two plates slide past on another	6
6625737926	earthquake	movement of earth along a fault	7
6625737927	focus	where earthquake begins	8
6625737928	epicenter	point on surface directly above focus	9
6625737929	seismic waves	s: move slowly, p:rapid condension	10
6625737930	tsunami	giant sea wave produced by an earthquake	11
6625737931	magma	molten rock	12
6625737932	lava	magma once it reaches earths surface	13
6625737933	parts of volcano	magma chamber, pipe, vent, crater	14
6625737934	shield volcanos	gentle slopes, non-violent eruptions. (Hawaii)	15
6625737935	cinder cone volcano	steep slides, explosive eruptions	16
6625737936	composite volcano	large, explosive eruptions	17
6625737937	factors influencing volcano eruption types	chemistry, temp, preassure	18
6625737938	volcanoes generally found	ring of fire, plate boundaries	19
6625737939	igneaous rock	formed by cooling magma	20
6625737940	sedimentary rock	form when rocks weather, erode, contain fossils	21
6625737941	metamorphic rock	form when igneous or sedimentary rock is subjected to high heat and pressure	22
6625737942	minerals	hard inorganic substances composing rock	23
6625737943	metallic minerals	include iron,aluminum, gold	24
6625737944	nonmetallic resources	salt, sulfur, phosphate	25
6625737945	mining minerals	if extract from public lands no fees paid	26
6625737946	weathering	breaking of rock into smaller parts, chemical weathering due to acid rain, freezing water in rock craks	27
6625737947	rock cycle	igneous rocks prodiced by tectonic cycle, mechanical and chemical weathering , transported away by erosion, sediments accumulate and form sedimentary rock, altered by heat/pressure and forms igneous rock	28
6625737948	soil formation	rock weathers into small fragments combined with organic material from dead plants/animals forms soil	29
6625737949	soil horizons	series of layers	30
6625737950	topsoil	surface layer, rich in organic matter	31
6625737951	subsoil	layer below surface layer, little organic matter	32
6625737952	soil texture	determined by amounts of sand, silt, and clay, if amonts of these three equal, called a loam	33
6625737953	sand	particles .2-2 mm diameter, water moves through rapidly	34
6625737954	silt	smaller than sand, moderate water holding capacity	35
6625737955	clay	smallest soil particles, water moves through soil slowly	36
6625737956	loam	soil containing 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay	37
6625737957	porosity	amount of pore space between soil grains	38
6625737958	water holding capacity	ability of sol to hold water	39
6625737959	water logging	soil completely saturated with water	40
6625737960	soil types	grasslands, tropical soil, desert soil	41
6625737961	humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	42
6625737962	castings	humus containing pellets in soil from earthworms	43
6625737963	illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers	44
6625737964	loam	perfect ag soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay	45
6625737965	municipal solid waste	house waste, garbage	46
6625737966	main component of municipal waste	paper	47
6625737967	most municipal waste ends in	landfills	48
6625737968	3 "R's"	reduce, reuse, recycle	49
6625737969	recycling and glass	requires lots of energy, best to reuse containers	50
6625737970	bottle law	law giving cash back for return of bottles	51
6625737971	recycling and aluminum	requires 97% less energy to recycle aluminum than using virgin materials	52
6625737972	recycling and paper	easy to recycle, cost effective	53
6625737973	plastic	difficult to recycle, degrades slowly	54
6625737974	compost	recycling of organic products to make fertilizer	55
6625737975	biodegradable	can be broken down by organisms	56
6625737976	integrated waste management	options for handling solid waste including sanitary landfills, incineration, or recycling	57
6625737977	sanitary landfill	cover material with soil daily, clay liner on bottom, leachate recovery system to avoid pollution of water	58
6625737978	methane	CH4 produced from decomposition of organic matter, can be captured to produce energy	59
6625737979	leachate	mix of water and chemicals, contaminates groundwater	60
6625737980	incineration	burn waste, problem includes disposal of ash and release of toxins. Benefits, reduces volume of waste and can generate energy	61
6625737981	waste-to-energy	burn waste to generate energy	62
6625737982	landfarming	contaminated sol is placed in lined pits and aerated to increase decomposition by microbes	63
6625737983	deep well injection	inject hazardous waste deep into earth, potential to contaminate groundwater	64
6625737984	love canal	old canal in NY used a dump for waste, school bough cheap property and built houses, later resulted in chemical burns and birth defects	65
6625737985	bhopal india	poisonous gas leaked from facility owned by Union Carbide, killed nearly 4 thousand people. seen as example for US disregarding developing nations health	66
6625737986	brownfield	abandoned or underused piece of land where redevelopment into another use is complicated by suspected environmental contamination	67
6625737987	NIMBY	not in my back yard	68
6625737988	NIMTOO	not in my term of office	69
6625737989	primary cause of food shortage	increases in pop	70
6625737990	primary food producers	USA, Russia, Canada	71
6625737991	primary food crops	wheat, corn, rice	72
6625737992	farming and ecological succession	farming attempts to stop ecological succession	73
6625737993	sustainable ag	grow crops without degrading land	74
6625737994	monoculture	planting of a single species	75
6625737995	aquaculture	aquatic farming, fishing	76
6625737996	hydroponics	growing plants without soil (water bath) (Weed)	77
6625737997	terracing	create flat areas on hillsides for farming slow erosion	78
6625737998	contour farming/plowing	plow along contours of land to prevent erosion	79
6625737999	no-till ag	farming without plowing land	80
6625738000	crop rotation	change crops every year to replenish certain nutrients	81
6625738001	strip cropping	crops grown in strips interspersed with hay at right angles to reduce erosion	82
6625738002	over cultivation	overuse of land, may lead to desertification	83
6625738003	clear cutting	cutting all trees in an area, leads to erosion as soil is no longer held in place by roots	84
6625738004	overgrazing	numbers of livestock more than pasture can support. destroys land	85
6625738005	second gen pesticide	man made pesticide	86
6625738006	herbicide	pesticide specific to plants	87
6625738007	insecticide	pesticide specific to insects	88
6625738008	fungicide	specific to fungus	89
6625738009	rodenticide	specific to rodents	90
6625738010	DDT	type of pesticide, banned in 1969 as it biomagnified up the food chain	91
6625738011	persistent	does not readily break down in environment	92
6625738012	resistance	immunity of an organism to a pesticide	93
6625738013	silent spring	book by rachel carson documenting environmental dangers of pesticide use	94
6625738014	pesticide alternatives	crop rotation, GMOs, integrated pest managemnet	95
6625738015	broad-spectrum pesticide	kills both target and non-target insects (including beneficial insects)	96
6625738016	biological control	control pests using natural predators	97
6625738017	natural chemical control of pests	use hormones/pheromones to control pests	98
6625738018	integrated pest management (IPM)	use combo of biological, chem, and cultivitational methods to control pests	99
6625738019	organic food	food produced without synthetic peticides, Fertilizers, or GMOs	100
6625738020	Toxicology	study of effect of poisons/toxins and their effects on living organisms	101
6625738021	synergism	interaction of two different substances where their combined effect is greater that the sum of the individual substances	102
6625738022	Primary categories of toxic chemicals	organic chemicals, heavy metals, radiation	103
6625738023	cadmium Cd	heavy metal, often found in ash from coal burning	104
6625738024	lead Pb	heavy metal causes brain damage, in paint and gas	105
6625738025	mercury Hg	causes brain damage, nervous system problems	106
6625738026	chlorinated hydrocarbons	also called organochlorides, synthetic molecules with chlorine that are hazardous, may cause cancer	107
6625738027	Dioxin	extremely toxic organic chemical, often released by incineration of solid waste	108
6625738028	PCBs	toxic chemicals that are generally non-biodegradable, contaminate food chains, cause cancer	109
6625738029	VOCs	chemicals that vaporize into the air such as gasoline, compnent of smog	110
6625738030	Brownfields	abandoned industrial sites which are contaminated, new development is not practical due to toxic risk	111
6625738031	Biomagnification	increase in the concentration of a substance up the food chain (DDT in peregrine falcons)	112
6625738032	dose/response	for a given dose of something, how an organism responds (Flouride and teeth)	113
6625738033	Dose/response curves	develop by toxicity testing, types include LD-50, TD-50, ED-50	114
6625738034	LD-50	amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test pop	115
6625738035	TD-50	amount of a chemical that is toxic to 50% of the animals in a test pop	116
6625738036	ED-50	amount of chemical that has an effect on 50% of the animals in a test pop	117
6625738037	Threshold	level at which below no effect in observed , above an effect is observed	118
6625738038	acute effects	occur soon after exposure (High dose of radiation soon leads to death)	119
6625738039	chronic effects	occur overtime (low radiation may lead to cancer sometime in the future)	120
6625738040	risk assessment	process of determining potential effects to people/environment following exposure to a chemical. steps include: identify hazard, does-response assessment, exposue assessment, risk characterization	121
6625738041	mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen	causes hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer	122
6625738042	tangible items	easy to put a price on (Value of timber in a forest)	123
6625738043	intangible items	priceless (looking at something beautiful)	124
6625738044	direct costs	included in the price of an item	125
6625738045	indirect costs	not included in price of an item	126
6625738046	marginal cost	cost to reduce one additional unit of pollution, typically increase greatly as you approach last few units	127
6625738047	centrally planned economic system	gov controls economy (communism)	128
6625738048	market system	price of goods based on supply and demand (capitalism)	129
6625738049	appropriate technology	technology increases productivity of hand labor withougt displacing workers	130
6625738050	gov options for pollution control	set maximum levels for emissions, require specific pollution control measures	131
6625738051	cost-benefit analysis	tool for making economic decisions bu comparing costs and benefits of an action, steps include making assumptions, evaluate data, make projections; problems include only economics are included, not ehtics, and may not consider externalities	132
6625738052	cost-benefit ratio	value of costs divided by value of benefits, if benefits outweigh costs, project economically justified	133
6625738053	scientific method	1)define problem, 2) make observations, 3) formulate hypothesis, 4)conduct experiment, 5) conclusion	134
6625738054	hypothesis	educated guess, must be able to test, often in "if, then" format	135
6625738055	randomization	eliminates bias when sampling (Important component of sampling design)	136
6625738056	replication	collect multiple samples to accurately reflect environment	137
6625738057	control group	all variable kept same, used as a comparison to the treatment group to see if a change has occured	138
6625738058	treatment group	one variable is altered	139
6625738059	independent variable	the variable you change, x-axis on graph	140
6625738060	dependent variable	the variable uou think will be affected by change in independent variable, y-axis	141
6625738061	in situ analysis	measure in the field	142
6625738062	grab sample	single sample representing specific time and place	143
6625738063	composite sample	mix of several samples	144
6625738064	transect sampling	sample along strait line	145
6625738065	quad sampling	select a group of representive sections	146