AP Language Flashcards

4989773970	Aesthetic reading	reading to experience the world of the text	0
4989773971	Allegory	An extended metaphor	1
4989773972	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words	2
4989773973	Allusion	A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge	3
4989773974	Anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization or claim	4
4989773975	Antagonist	A character who opposes the interests of the protagonist	5
4989773976	Antecedent- Consequence relationship	The relationship expressed by "if...then" reasoning-- for example, "If the cubs sigh Greg Maddux, then they will win the National League pennant"	6
4989773977	Anticipated objection	The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections	7
4989773978	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order-- for example. "You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy"	8
4989773979	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure -- for example. "Place your virtues on a pedastal; put your vices under a rock"	9
4989773980	Apologist	A person or character who makes a case for some controversial. even contentious, position	10
4989773981	Appeal	One of three strategies for persuading an audiences	11
4989773982	Logos	The appeal of a text bases on the logical structure of its argument of central ideas (reasoning)	12
4989773983	Pathos	"..." based on emotions or interests of the audience	13
4989773984	Ethos	"..." based on ethics and the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator	14
4989773985	Appeal to authority	In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalizing, or conclusion	15
4989773986	Argument	A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject	16
4989773987	Argument by analysis	An argument developed by breaking the subject matter into its component parts	17
4989773988	Assumption	An opinion, perspective, or belief that a writer or speaker thinks the audience holds	18
4989773989	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between related clauses--for example, "I came, I saw, I conquered."	19
4989773990	Begging of the question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept	20
4989773991	Canon	One of the traditional elements of rhetoric composition	21
4989773992	Invention	The art of generating material for a text	22
4989773993	Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect	23
4989773994	Style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect	24
4989773995	Memory	Access to information and collective knowledge for use in composition	25
4989773996	Delivery	The presentation and format of a composition	26
4989773997	Dynamic Character	One who changes during the course of the narrative	27
4989773998	Flat Character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed	28
4989773999	Round Character	A figure with complexity in action and personality	29
4989774000	Static Character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative	30
4989774001	Claim	The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument	31
4989774002	Conflict	The struggle of a character with themselves, with others, or with the world around them (external and internal conflicts)	32
4989774003	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word, in contract to its directly expresses "dictionary meaning"	33
4989774004	Deductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle	34
4989774005	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word, in contrast to its connotation, or implied meaning	35
4989774006	Dialect	The describable patterns of language--grammar and vocabulary--used by a particular cultural or ethnic population	36
4989774007	Diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales for formality/information, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate, derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value	37
4989774008	Double Entendre	The double (or multiple) meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous	38
4989774009	Dramatistic pentad	The invention strategy, developed by Kenneth Burke, that invites a speaker or writer to create for the speaker or writer to identify attitude in the situation	39
4989774010	Act	The words the speaker uses to describe what happened or happens in a particular situation	40
4989774011	Agent	"..." describe the person or persons involved in taking action in a particular situation	41
4989774012	Agency	"..." describe the means by which something happened or happens in a particular situation	42
4989774013	Scene	"..." describe where and when something happened or happens in a particular situation	43
4989774014	Purpose	"..." describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation	44
4989774015	Effect	The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener	45
4989774016	Efferent reading	Reading to garner information from a text	46
4989774017	Enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated	47
4989774018	Epithet	A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name-- for example. "Richard, the Lion-Hearted."	48
4989774019	Essays using rhetoric modes	Argumentative, Description, Exposition, Narrative	49
4989774020	Euphemism	An indirect expression of unpleasant information information in such a way as to lessen its impact-- for example saying a person's position was eliminated rather than saying the person's was fired	50
4989774021	Exaggeration	An overstatement	51
4989774022	Extended analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well	52
4989774023	Fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance	53
4989774024	Figurative Language	Language dominated by the use of schemes and tropes	54
4989774025	Figures of Rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation--and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought	55
4989774026	Flashback	A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present	56
4989774027	Functional part	A part of a text classified according to its function--for example, or counterargument	57
4989774028	Generalization	A point that a speaker or writer generates on the basis of considering a number of particular example	58
4989774029	Flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and then returns to the present	59
4989774030	Hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect	60
4989774031	Imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader	61
4989774032	Implied Metaphor	A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence. For example, "His voice cascaded through the hallways" contains an implied metaphor; "His voice was a cascade of emotion" contains a direct metaphor	62
4989774033	Inductive reasoning	Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instance or example and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle	63
4989774034	Inference	A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of his or her own thinking rather than by direct statement in a text	64
4989774035	Irony	Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken	65
4989774036	Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group	66
4989774037	Litotes	Understatement-- for example, "Her performance ran the gamut of emotion from A to B" Logic: The art of reasoning	67
4989774038	Mood	The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience	68
4989774039	Dramatic narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer does not have access to the unspoken thoughts of any character	69
4989774040	Limited narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of one character or particular thinking of more than one character	70
4989774041	Omniscient narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters	71
4989774042	Scenic narration	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement	72
4989774043	Narrative intrusion	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement	73
4989774044	Occasion	The part of a context also referred to as time and place	74
4989774045	Onomatopoeia	A literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning-- for example. "buzz" and "moan"	75
4989774046	Oxymoron	Juxtapose words with seemingly contradictory meaning--for example "jumbo shrimp"	76
4989774047	Paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless	77
4989774048	Persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience	78
4989774049	Personification	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects	79
4989774050	Plot devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information	80
4989774051	Major premise	The first premise in a syllogism. The major premise states an irrefutable generalization.	81
4989774052	Minor premise	The second premise in a syllogism. The minor premise offers a particular instance of the generalization stated in the major premise	82
4989774053	Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward	83
4989774054	Pun	A play on words words	84
4989774055	Purpose	The goal a writer or speaker hopes to achieve with the text--for example, to clarify difficult material, to inform, to convince, and/or to persuade. Also called aim or intention	85
4989774056	Ratio	Combination of two or more elements in a dramatics pentad in order to invent material	86
4989774057	Reader's repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text	87
4989774058	Recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process of writing	88
4989774059	Reliable narrator	A believable, trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story	89
4989774060	Rhetor	The speaker or writer who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text	90
4989774061	Rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation	91
4989774062	Rhetoric choices	The particular choices a writer or speaker makes to achieve meaning, purpose, or effect	92
4989774063	Rhetoric intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing	93
4989774064	Rhetorical mode	Formal patters for organizing a text, often also used as invention devices. The traditional rhetorical modes are description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. Exposition is frequently subdivided into categories such as comparison/contrast, classification, and division	94
4989774065	Rhetorical Question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it	95
4989774066	Rhetorical situation	The convergence in a situation of exigency (the need to write), audience, and purpose	96
4989774067	Rhetoric triangle	A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, reader, or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation	97
4989774068	Sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony	98
4989774069	Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word "like" or "as"	99
4989774070	Slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text	100
4989774071	Soliloquy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself	101
4989774072	Stance	The writer's or speaker's apparent attitude toward the audience	102
4989774073	Stock settings	Stereotypical time and place settings that let readers know a text's genre immediately	103
4989774074	Syllogism	Logical reasoning from inarguable premises	104
4989774075	Symbol	In a text, an element that stands for more than itself and, therefore, helps to convey a theme of the text	105
4989774076	Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work	106
4989774077	Thesis	The main idea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or claim	107
4989774078	Thesis statement	A single sentence that states a text's thesis in the introduction	108
4989774079	Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point--for example, "As the principal dancer, Joe Smith displayed only two flaws: his arms and legs."	109