AP Language Final Review Flashcards

5867432939	Evidence	The facts or evidence used to prove the argument	0
5867432940	Claim	The statement being argued (a thesis)	1
5867432941	Warrants	The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data.	2
5867432942	Qualifiers	Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true	3
5867432943	Rebuttals	Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true.	4
5867432944	Backing	Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don't necessarily prove the main point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.)	5
5867432945	Personal Experience	adds human element, effective way to appeal to Pathos	6
5867432946	Anecdotes	Stories about yourself & about other people you've observed or been told about	7
5867432947	Current Events	Knowing what's happening locally, nationally, and globally	8
5867432948	Historical Information	Verifiable facts that a writer knows from research	9
5867432949	Expert Opinion	Someone who has published research on a topic or whose job or experience gives them specialized knowledge	10
5867432950	Quantitative Evidence	Can be represented in numbers; statistics, surveys, polls, consensus information	11
5867432951	Ad Hominem	an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas.	12
5867432952	Argument from Authority	the conclusion rests on a statement made by some presumed authority or witness.	13
5867432953	Appeal to ignorance	Assumption that whatever cannot be proven false must be true (or vice versa).	14
5867432954	Begging the question	someone assumes that parts of what the person claims to be proving are proven facts	15
5867432955	Hasty generalization	drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence	16
5867432956	Straw man argument	consists of an oversimplification of an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack	17
5867432957	Sentimental appeals	appeal to the hearts of readers/listeners so that they forget to use their minds.	18
5867432958	Scare tactics	using fear, panic, or prejudice to win an emotional argument	19
5867432959	Bandwagon appeals	agree with a position because everyone else does	20
5867432960	Equivocation	telling part of the truth, while deliberately hiding the entire truth	21
5867432961	Faulty analogy	misleading comparison between two things	22
5867432962	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	23
5867432963	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	24
5867432964	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	25
5867432965	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	26
5867432966	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	27
5867432967	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	28
5867432968	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	29
5867432969	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	30
5867432970	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point	31
5867432971	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	32
5867432972	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.	33
5867432973	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	34
5867432974	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text.	35
5867432975	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	36
5867432976	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	37
5867432977	Context	The circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.	38
5867432978	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.	39
5867432979	Cumulative Sentence	A sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.	40
5867432980	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	41
5867432981	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	42
5867432982	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	43
5867432983	Ethos	Persuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.	44
5867432984	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	45
5867432985	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	46
5867432986	Hortative Sentence	A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	47
5867432987	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	48
5867432988	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	49
5867432989	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	50
5867432990	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence.	51
5867432991	Juxtaposition	The placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.	52
5867432992	Logos	Persuasion by means of logical reasoning.	53
5867432993	Metaphor	A direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.	54
5867432994	Oxymoron	The deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.	55
5867432995	Parallelism	Two or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.	56
5867432996	Pathos	Persuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.	57
5867432997	Periodic Sentence	A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	58
5867432998	Personification	Assignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.	59
5867432999	Polemic	An aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.	60
5867433000	Propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.	61
5867433001	Purpose	The goal of the speaker.	62
5867433002	Refutation	A denial of the validity of the counterargument.	63
5867433003	Rhetoric	The art of finding means to persuade an audience.	64
5867433004	Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.	65
5867433005	Rhetorical Question	A question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.	66
5867433006	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.	67
5867433007	SOAPS	A mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.	68
5867433008	Speaker	The person or group who creates a text.	69
5867433009	Subject	The topic of a text.	70
5867433010	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.	71
5867433011	Syntax	The proper grammatical structure of a text.	72
5867433012	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	73
5867433013	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	74
5867433014	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	75
5867433015	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	76
5867433016	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	77
5867433017	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	78
5867433018	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	79
5867433019	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	80
5867433020	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	81
5867433021	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point	82
5867433022	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	83
5867433023	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.	84
5867433024	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	85
5867433025	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text.	86
5867433026	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	87
5867433027	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	88
5867433028	Context	The circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.	89
5867433029	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.	90
5867433030	Cumulative Sentence	A sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.	91
5867433031	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	92
5867433032	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	93
5867433033	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	94
5867433034	Ethos	Persuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.	95
5867433035	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	96
5867433036	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	97
5867433037	Hortative Sentence	A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	98
5867433038	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	99
5867433039	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	100
5867433040	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	101
5867433041	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence.	102
5867433042	Juxtaposition	The placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.	103
5867433043	Logos	Persuasion by means of logical reasoning.	104
5867433044	Metaphor	A direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.	105
5867433045	Oxymoron	The deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.	106
5867433046	Parallelism	Two or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.	107
5867433047	Pathos	Persuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.	108
5867433048	Periodic Sentence	A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	109
5867433049	Personification	Assignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.	110
5867433050	Polemic	An aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.	111
5867433051	Propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.	112
5867433052	Purpose	The goal of the speaker.	113
5867433053	Refutation	A denial of the validity of the counterargument.	114
5867433054	Rhetoric	The art of finding means to persuade an audience.	115
5867433055	Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.	116
5867433056	Rhetorical Question	A question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.	117
5867433057	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.	118
5867433058	SOAPS	A mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.	119
5867433059	Speaker	The person or group who creates a text.	120
5867433060	Subject	The topic of a text.	121
5867433061	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.	122
5867433062	Syntax	The proper grammatical structure of a text.	123
5867433063	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	124
5867433064	Ad Hominem	an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas.	125
5867433065	Argument from Authority	the conclusion rests on a statement made by some presumed authority or witness.	126
5867433066	Appeal to ignorance	Assumption that whatever cannot be proven false must be true (or vice versa).	127
5867433067	Begging the question	someone assumes that parts of what the person claims to be proving are proven facts	128
5867433068	Hasty generalization	drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence	129
5867433069	Straw man argument	consists of an oversimplification of an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack	130
5867433070	Sentimental appeals	appeal to the hearts of readers/listeners so that they forget to use their minds.	131
5867433071	Scare tactics	using fear, panic, or prejudice to win an emotional argument	132
5867433072	Bandwagon appeals	agree with a position because everyone else does	133
5867433073	Equivocation	telling part of the truth, while deliberately hiding the entire truth	134
5867433074	Faulty analogy	misleading comparison between two things	135
5867433075	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	136
5867433076	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	137
5867433077	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	138
5867433078	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	139
5867433079	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	140
5867433080	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	141
5867433081	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	142
5867433082	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	143
5867433083	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point	144
5867433084	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	145
5867433085	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.	146
5867433086	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	147
5867433087	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text.	148
5867433088	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	149
5867433089	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	150
5867433090	Context	The circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.	151
5867433091	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.	152
5867433092	Cumulative Sentence	A sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.	153
5867433093	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	154
5867433094	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	155
5867433095	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	156
5867433096	Ethos	Persuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.	157
5867433097	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	158
5867433098	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	159
5867433099	Hortative Sentence	A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	160
5867433100	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	161
5867433101	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	162
5867433102	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	163
5867433103	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence.	164
5867433104	Juxtaposition	The placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.	165
5867433105	Logos	Persuasion by means of logical reasoning.	166
5867433106	Metaphor	A direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.	167
5867433107	Oxymoron	The deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.	168
5867433108	Parallelism	Two or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.	169
5867433109	Pathos	Persuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.	170
5867433110	Periodic Sentence	A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	171
5867433111	Personification	Assignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.	172
5867433112	Polemic	An aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.	173
5867433113	Propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.	174
5867433114	Purpose	The goal of the speaker.	175
5867433115	Refutation	A denial of the validity of the counterargument.	176
5867433116	Rhetoric	The art of finding means to persuade an audience.	177
5867433117	Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.	178
5867433118	Rhetorical Question	A question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.	179
5867433119	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.	180
5867433120	SOAPS	A mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.	181
5867433121	Speaker	The person or group who creates a text.	182
5867433122	Subject	The topic of a text.	183
5867433123	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.	184
5867433124	Syntax	The proper grammatical structure of a text.	185
5867433125	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	186
5867433126	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	187
5867433127	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	188
5867433128	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	189
5867433129	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	190
5867433130	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	191
5867433131	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	192
5867433132	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order.	193
5867433133	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	194
5867433134	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) It can be a memorable summation of the author's point	195
5867433135	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.	196
5867433136	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the rhetorical triangle.	197
5867433137	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	198
5867433138	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text.	199
5867433139	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	200
5867433140	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	201
5867433141	Context	The circumstances and other conditions surrounding a text.	202
5867433142	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the argument advocated by the speaker.	203
5867433143	Cumulative Sentence	A sentence which completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds or adds on. Also called a loose sentence.	204
5867433144	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	205
5867433145	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	206
5867433146	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	207
5867433147	Ethos	Persuasion by means of the depicting the trustworthy character of the author.	208
5867433148	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	209
5867433149	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	210
5867433150	Hortative Sentence	A sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.	211
5867433151	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	212
5867433152	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing.	213
5867433153	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin.	214
5867433154	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence.	215
5867433155	Juxtaposition	The placement of two highly contrasting phrases near each other to emphasize their differences.	216
5867433156	Logos	Persuasion by means of logical reasoning.	217
5867433157	Metaphor	A direct comparison between two dissimilar subjects.	218
5867433158	Oxymoron	The deliberate juxtaposition of two contrasting words.	219
5867433159	Parallelism	Two or more adjacent phrases with similar grammatical structure.	220
5867433160	Pathos	Persuasion by means of exploiting the reader's emotions.	221
5867433161	Periodic Sentence	A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	222
5867433162	Personification	Assignment of human characteristics or behavior to non-human entities.	223
5867433163	Polemic	An aggressive argument which generally establishes superiority and does not acknowledge the counterargument.	224
5867433164	Propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. Often carries a negative connotation.	225
5867433165	Purpose	The goal of the speaker.	226
5867433166	Refutation	A denial of the validity of the counterargument.	227
5867433167	Rhetoric	The art of finding means to persuade an audience.	228
5867433168	Rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience. Includes ethos, pathos, and logos.	229
5867433169	Rhetorical Question	A question which is asked to effect a point rather than to solicit an answer.	230
5867433170	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram which illustrates the interrelationship between the speaker, the audience, and the subject. Synonymous with the Aristotelian Triangle.	231
5867433171	SOAPS	A mnemonic device which stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.	232
5867433172	Speaker	The person or group who creates a text.	233
5867433173	Subject	The topic of a text.	234
5867433174	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.	235
5867433175	Syntax	The proper grammatical structure of a text.	236
5867433176	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	237